Week 10 - Global Health Research

Question 1

What are the 5 Values in International Research?

Answer 1

Collaboration with locals
Scientific Validity
Social Values
Informed consent
Balance of risks and benefits

Question 2

What is Equipoise?

Answer 2

Condition under which it is unclear whether one treatment is better than the other

Question 3

What are the two types of pharmaceutical trials?

Answer 3

Active control trial (ACT) & Placebo control trial (PCT)

Question 4

What is an Placebo control trial (PCT)?

Answer 4

Control group uses a placebo determine whether treatment is better than no treatment at all

Question 5

What is an Active control trial (ACT)?

Answer 5

Control group uses active substance to determine whether one treatment is better than the other

Question 6

What is the Tuskeegee study?

Answer 6

Study on the effects of penicillin treatment for people with untreated syphilis, mostly done on black men with low SES

Question 7

What are the AZT drug trials?

Answer 7

A placebo trial was used where the 076 regimen was shown to lower HIV mother-child transmission

Question 8

Where was the AZT trial done?

Answer 8

South Africa using a placebo control to determine if a smaller dose would reduce maternal-child transmission

Question 9

What is the first ethical issue of the AZT trials?

Answer 9

Participants are dealing with deep social disadvantages and multilayered injustices and researchers treated them as mere means

Question 10

What is the second ethical issue of the AZT trials?

Answer 10

Trial was motivated by money, not improving health

Question 11

What is Ethical relativism?

Answer 11

People have different moral claims based on country, culture, etc.

Question 12

What were the researcher’s arguments for running the AZT trials?

Answer 12

Non-maleficence - researchers are not denying treatment and half would still receive treatment & did this trial for knowledge not to improve healthcare

Question 13

Declaration of Helsinki

Answer 13

Ethical guidelines on what is acceptable for new interventions; Where no proven intervention exists, the use of placebo, or no intervention, is acceptable; or-

Question 14

What is Health impact fund?

Answer 14

Firms agrees to sell drug at cost in exchange for payments according to its health impact

Question 15

What are the benefits of the health impact fund?

Answer 15

-Removes bias for chronic treatment over cures
-Faster elimination of disease
-Rewards infrastructure, delivery improvement
-Removes costs of fighting patent infringement

Question 16

What are the concerns to the health impact fund?

Answer 16

Requires extensive data on disease burdens, difficult to identify primary causes of death and disease

Question 17

What are some Alternative funding mechanisms for pharmaceutical funding?

Answer 17

Global resource dividend > more public/government funding

Question 18

What is London’s argument for global health research?

Answer 18

A duty of aid is owed equally to all; duties of rectification

Question 19

What is the Human development approach?

Answer 19

High-income countries have a duty to aid people in low-income countries; align research with LIC needs

Question 20

What is Justice as a mutual advantage?

Answer 20

Research collaborations are just as long as they are mutually beneficial, fully informed and non-coercive

Question 21

What is the fair benefits framework?

Answer 21

the distribution of the benefits and risks from the trial must be fair; with collaborative partnership & transparency

Question 22

What are the concerns to the fair benefits framework?

Answer 22

focused on researcher/participant benefits and ignores needs of the wider community