WEEK 10 COMORBIDITIES Flashcards
What are the nine National Health priority areas (NHPAs)?
- Cancer control (added 1996)
- Cardiovascular health
- Injury prevention and control.
- Mental health
- Diabetes mellitus
- Asthma
- Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions.
- Obesity (added 2008)
- Dementia (added 2012)
At least how long dochronic health conditions have to last?
- At least 1 year
What is chronic disease defined as?
- Lasting a year or more.
- Requiring ongoing medical treatment or limits daily activities or both.
- Is the number one cause of death and disability in Australia.
What is the global burden of disease expected to cost by 2030?
- $47 trillion
In 2018, what was the Global burden of disease estimate?
- 71% of deaths (41 million people)
- With 85% of these deaths in low and middle income countries
In Aus, what % of people have one or more chronic conditions?
- 47% (1 in 2 Australians)
- 80% >65 yrs have one or more chronic conditions
- 20% have two or more conditions (1 in 5 Aussies)
Are males or females in Aus more likely to have comorbidities?
- Females
What cost do comorbidities contribute to Aus?
-More than 27 billion per year
What are the social impacts of multimorbidity?
- Employment slightly down by 15% compared to normal people
- Disability up by 42.1%
- Psychological distress increased by 30.7%
- Pain increased by 33%
- Increased fair on poor health by 26.7%
Adults with asthma are ___times more likely to be ___ .
Adults with asthma are 1.4 times more likely to be obese .
What % of people with asthma have heart, stroke and vascular diseases?
-15% versus 11% in non asthmatics
What % of people with COPD have one or more comorbidities?
- 90%
What are examples of underlying socio economic, cultural, political and environmental determinants that are causes of chronic diseases?
- Globalization
- Urbanization
- Population ageing
What are common modifiable risk factors that contribute to causing chronic disease?
- Unhealthy diet
- Physical inactivity
- Tobacco use
What are non modifiable risk factors that contribute to the cause of chronic disease?
- Age
- Heredity
What are the intermediate risk factors that contribute to the cause of chronic disease?
- Raised blood pressure
- Raised blood glucose
- Abnormal blood lipids
- Overweight/obesity
What are the main 5 chronic diseases that have underlying socioeconomic, cultural, political, and environmental determinants + common modifiable risk factors + non modifiable risk factors + intermediate risk factors contributing to main chronic diseases?
- Heart disease
- Stroke
- Cancer
- Chronic respiratory diseases
- Diabetes
What is the aim of the national strategic framework for chronic conditions and what have they moved away from ?
- They have moved away from a disease specific approach.
- It recognises that there are similar underlying risk factors for several chronic conditions.
- Similar management and prevention principles apply to multiple chronic conditions
- Emphasises coordinated care
What is the vision for the National strategic framework for chronic conditions?
- The vision is it all Australians live healthier lives through effective prevention and management of chronic conditions.
In what three main ways is the vision for the National strategic framework for chronic conditions going to be achieved?
- Focus on prevention for a healthier Australia.
- Provide efficient effective and appropriate care to support people with chronic conditions to optimise quality of life.
- Target priority populations.
Who are the partners, what are the principles and who are the enablers for the National strategic framework for chronic conditions?
- The partners are basically everyone
- The principles are equity and person centred approaches
- The enablers are evidence based information and health literacy
What types of measurable indicators have been identified from the National strategic framework for chronic conditions?
- Heart disease risk
- Salt intake per capita
In terms of the 9 voluntary global NCD targets for 2025, is an aim for Diabetes/obesity to have a 0% increase, an improvement?
- Yes it is still an improvement because the cases will have 0% increase, meaning they will not be increasing
- However 5 years may not be a long enough timeframe to achieve this.
In terms of the 9 voluntary global NCD targets for 2025, is an aim for physical inactivity to have a 10% reduction valid?
- Yes as it may seem like a small change BUT it all adds up and can result in a large population health improvement
What are the 9 voluntary global NCD targets for 2025?
- To have a 25% reduction in premature mortality from NCDs (non communicable diseases)
- To have a 10% reduction in harmful use of alcohol.
- To have a 10% reduction in physical inactivity.
- To have a 30% reduction in salt/sodium intake.
- To have a 30% reduction in tobacco use.
- To have a 25% reduction in raise blood pressure.
- To have a 0% increase in diabetes/obesity.
- To have a 50% coverage in drug therapy in counselling.
- To have an 80% coverage in essential NCD medicines and Technologies.
How do we make the 9 voluntary global NCD targets for 2025 happen?
- Must have cooridnated interventions to allow for change. Also population wide to allow for prevention. E.g. If we improve exercise and diet, then we will have an improvement in LDL cholesterol levels.
- Comprehensive interventions
- Integration of interventions
What are examples of areas to target in making the 9 voluntary global NCD targets for 2025 happen?
- Laws/regulations
- Taxes/price increases
- Built environment improvement.
- Advocacy
- Community, school and workplace interventions.
- Screening
- Clinical prevention (trying to make sure something doesn’t get worse e.g. high BP)
What is an example of a comprehensive community based intervention?
- Lifestyle modification program to try and reduce risk factors that was designed in Hawaii with community involvement
- Reducing weight, BP, cholesterol. Nutrition education, support groups
- Did NOT have an emphasis on weight loss
In terms of effective strategies for implementing health change in AUs, what is an example of an issue where two effective strategies were implemented?
- Smoking (Tobacco control)
- Two effective strategies were: Increase in price through taxation and mass media campaigns
With Australia adhering to the WHO target of a 30% reduction in salt intake by 2025, how many lives will that save (also how much money roughly)?
- Will save approx 3, 400 lives and save ‘millions’ of $
With Australia adhering to the WHO target of a 10% reduction in physical inactivity by 2025, how many lives will that save (also how much money roughly)?
- 6 000 fewer cases of disease
- 2 000 fewer deaths
- Fewer DALYs, better productivity
- $ 96 million reduction in healthcare costs
What is the number one risk factors for stroke?
- Hypertension
What does uncontrolled hypertension increase the risk of?
- Stroke
- Heart attack
- Kidney failure
- Blindness
- Other complications
What is a high systolic BP in Aus and US defined as respectively?
- At least 140 in Aus and at least 130 in US
Is the aetiology for primary/ essential hypertension (90%) known?
- NO
What are 5 risk factors for primary/essential hypertension?
- Genetics
- Smoking
- Stress
- Environment
- Diet
What are two main Qs that are asked with relation to diet and Primary/essential hypertension?
- Does diet affect intestinal bacteria?
2. Does intestinal bacteria contribute to elevated blood pressure?
Diet affects ____ bacteria and ___ integrity.
Diet affects INTESTINAL bacteria and GIT integrity
What are 4 main areas that can impact on the intestinal gut bacteria/integrity in the human?
- Dietary intake (protein fat carbs, polyphenols)
- Altered gut bacteria (changes in Lactobacilli etc)
- Biologic effects (Alters host metabolism, immune system production of pro and anti inflammatory metabolites)
- Host disease (CVD, DM2, Obesity, Metabolic syndrome, Autoimmune disease)
Can Polyphenols impact on the microbiota?
- YES
What impact does having too many carbs or fats have?
- They alter the gut bacteria e.g. Increase in bad bacteria. A decrease in Lactobacilli or bifidobacteria (healthy)
- This can lead to complications (decrease in GI integrity)
What are two examples of healthy bacteria?
- Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria
What effect does a change in bacteria have on the immune system?
- The immune system will recognise this change and this can lead to CVS complications
What has a Gluten Free diet shown to have an increase in?
- Enterobacteria
Has the Mediterranean diet shown to promote a good gut integrity in those that follow it?
- YES
Gut microbiota promote _______ and ________.
Gut microbiota promote HYPERTENSION and VASCULAR DYSFUNCTION
In a study by Karbach et al 2016, what were mice that were conventionally raised (compared to germ free) shown to do overall, and also with specific BP and immune cells and what does this indicate?
- The conventionally raised mice (CONV) were shown to promote AngII vascular dysfunction, increased in BP and decreased relaxation (more constriction)
- There was an increase in CD45.2+ cells which are indicative of B and T cell transduction, thus possibly a heightened immune response.
- Thus conclusion was that gut microbiota facilitate AngII induced vascular dysfunction, by supporting immune cell inflammation and infiltration
What is the central role that the microbitoa play in terms of Angiotensin II?
- They play a central role in modulating the plasma and fecal metabolomes in response to AngII
In a 2019 study (Cheema & Pluznic), did any metabolites change in germ free mice with AngII treatment, and did any change in the conventional mice?
- NONE of the metabolomics changed in germ free mice
- There was a SIGNIFICANT change in the metabolites of the conventional mice: A decrease in 71 good fecal metabolites, increase in 4 bad plasma metabolites and an increase in 25 BAD metabolites
What is an important determinant of microbiota?
- Fecal matter
What type of metabolite has been shown to decrease hypertension and how does this occur?
- SCFAs (short chain fatty acids)
- Commensal bacteria produce these
- They are absorbed through the intestinal lumen into the portal vein. This goes to the liver and distributed to the body where it leads to a decrease in BP
What are examples of SCFAs and which type of bacteria produces them?
- Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate
- Commensal bacteria produce these via fermentation
Which special role does Butyrate have in the digestive tract?
- It is a SCFA that feeds colonocytes and decreases local inflammation
Why is it important to have a high fibre diet in terms of bacteria?
- Because the SCFAs produced by commensal bacteria could increase neuroprotection and improve the CVS
What effect does Acetate have on BP?
- It decreases BP via the GPR41
Via which receptor does the SCFA Propionate decrease BP through?
- GPR41
Via which receptor does the SCGA Propionate increase BP through?
- Olfr78
What effect on BP does Butyrate have?
- The effect on BP is unknown
In summary, what are the two main ways to prevent/reverse systemic hypertension?
- Mediterranean/high fibre diet OR
- Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) -via tablet, injection or adding to bread
What are the 5 first line treatment options for resistant hypertension?
- Control weight
- Physical activity/exercise
- Diet
- STOP smoking
- Decrease alcohol
What are the pharmacological treatment options for hypertension?
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors & antgitensin antagonists
Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers (NOT FOR HF)
Diuretics (thiazides, loop, K+ sparing)
What is resistant hypertension defined as?
- Blood pressure not under 140/90
- 3 blood pressure lowering drugs are used (including one diuretic) and if the BP is STILL NOT CONTROLLED there is a 3 fold risk of a cardiac event occurring
What % of people with resistant hypertension are obese?
- 50%
What % of people with resistant hypertension jave sleep apnea?
- Approx. 74%
What are some of the other factors addociated with resistant hypertension?
- Female sex
- Diabetes
- Black race
- Older age
- High alcohol intake
- High salt intake
- Kidney disease