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BMS3052 > WEEK 1 RESEARCH IN MEDICINE > Flashcards

WEEK 1 RESEARCH IN MEDICINE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main challenges for biomedical research? (6)

A
  • Government (legislation and gudlelines, funding)
  • Slow pace from bench to bedside
  • Escalating costs
  • Funding bad science
  • Publishing negative data
  • Strategic plan
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2
Q

What are 5 values of biomedical research in Aus?

A
  • Improving health (e.g. HPV vaccine, heart stents)
  • Training the next generation of scientists
  • Increasing knowledge
  • Strengthening the economy
  • Developing new technologies, products and industries
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3
Q

What do roughly 91% of Australians believe the Australian Goverment should support?

A
  • Basic scientific research that advances the fronteirs of knowledge even if it brings NO immediate benefits
  • This shows that the public has FAITH in Australian research compared to the US public.
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4
Q

Where does the main bulk of funding go for Australian health and medical research?

A
  • Higher education sector
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5
Q

What is the life expectancy of Americans up to 2010 compared to other countries and the relation to spending?

A
  • Americans have the lowest life expectancy with the highest GDP
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6
Q

What will drastically increase as people live over the ages of 80 and 90 and even with COVID-19?

A
  • Demand for health services
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7
Q

Why does it take SOO long to go from bench to bedside?

A
  • Because it has to go through the WHOLE pipeline of idea, to research (dsicovery, pre clinical, clinical, approval) and THEN to the patient.
  • Sometimes it is still inaccessible to majority of target population due to costs
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8
Q

What are some key questions to be asked in the animal and lab studies?

A
  • Does the therapy work int different models of the disease with co-morbidities, or either sex and with different medications?
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9
Q

What are some key questions to be asked in the phase I trials?

A
  • Is the therapy SAFE?

- Measure different doses, different times, and different administration modes

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10
Q

What is an important question to be asked in Phase II trials? -

A
  • Is the therapy effective
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11
Q

What is an important question to be asked in phase III trials? -

A
  • Is the new therapy BETTER than then what is currently available?
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12
Q

What is something common that happens with quite a few potential therapeutics that have already had 30mill spent on them?

A
  • They will fail after phase III

- At this point so much money has already been spent which then becomes an issue.

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13
Q

What are 5 main ways to improve bench to bedside?

A
  1. remove the red tape and improve processes
  2. Open the interactions among researchers and more effective relations among companies, government, foundations and universities
  3. Increase resources
  4. Have researchers/clinicians working in parallel
  5. LESS focus on mechanisms (i.e. if a treatment is shown to work and is safe, then focus more about getting it to the patient rather than completing the chain of reactions)
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14
Q

What contributes to the conflicting view in the value of biomedical research?

A
  • Inappropriate commercial exploitation (vitamins and nutritional supplements, and funding for tobacco or alcohol industry)
  • Conflicting findings (reproducible issues)
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15
Q

Why are more and more scientists unable to replicate scientific findings?

A
  • False positive data –> low statistical data, poor experimental design (e.g. Having a new treatment for stroke 30 mins after it happens but isn’t actually likely to occur as patients arrive at hospital 2-3 hours after)
  • “trimming and cooking the data” –> failing to report all the data (lying)
  • Publish or perish concept ( impact of the publications and want to increase the number of publications to get funding)
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16
Q

Why does translation from animals to humans not always work?

A
  • Different animal species and strains, meaning different metabolic pathways and thus toxicity to humans sometimes.
  • Different models to humans
  • Variations in drug dosing schedules -
  • Can be small experimental groups so low statsitical power
  • differences in lab techniques which can skew results ( e.g. blinding investigators)
  • The selection of outcome measures … uncertain relevance to human condition if surrogates or precursors.
17
Q

What is a huge issue with regards to the publishing of negative data?

A
  • That it is not being published enough
  • To get published in a high impact journal, they want data that is positive and will contribute to disease treatment
  • This means that researchers only want to publish the positive data
18
Q

What are the advantages of publishing negative data?

A
  • It will increase our overall knowledge base and allow other researchers not to delve into that particular area.
  • Also allows us to critically evaluate our current thinking
19
Q

What should the new model be to reduce positive result bias in publications?

A
  • hypothesis–> experiments–> results–> Publish

instead of putting the negative results in the ‘bin’

20
Q

What are the 10 strategic imperatives (plan) to overcome the many challenges faced with biomedical research and improved patient outcomes?

A
  1. Healthy and empowered community
  2. Encourage giving (need more philanthropists)
  3. Research active health services deliver higher quality care
  4. Developing implementation science (turning evidence into action)
  5. Collaboration for success
  6. World class research needs world class researchers
  7. Funding research
  8. Encourage commercial investment in Research and Development
  9. Strategic national approach
  10. Reduce red tape
21
Q

What does reducing red tape mean?

A
  • Regulations that are in place that act as obstacles from the bench to bedside of patients in biomedial research e.g. phase I, II, III and so on and regulatory approval frameworks.
  • So trying to reduce these obstacles to allow for faster patient access to these treatments.
22
Q

what is it thought that the 10 strategic imperatives will enable us to do?

A
  • Use the resources to
  • Contribute to human knowledge and understanding
  • Meet the challenges of an aeging population and rising chronic disease
  • Contribute to an efficient and effective health system
  • Boost wellbeing and productivity
  • Create new jobs and prosperity
23
Q

What is the definition of evidence based medicine?

A
  • ” the conscienctious, explicit, judicious, and reasonable use of modern, best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.”
24
Q

What does EBM integrate?

A
  • Clinical expertise, patients values and preferences, and best available research and information.
25
Q

Why are systematic reviews so important?

A
  • There are so many new journals published each year on one topic that it is difficult for clinicians to keep up
26
Q

Why is a systematic review important in medicine?

A
  • It draws together ALL the information on a particualr question
  • Conclusion lays out all the facts and is a balanced review of the evidence
  • More efficient for a practitioner to read than going through each question.
27
Q

What are the 9 National Health Priority areas?

A
  • Cancer control
  • Cardio health
  • Injury prevention and control -
  • Mental health
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Asthma
  • Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
  • Obesity
  • Dementia

BMS3052 (14 decks)

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