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Physiology Unit 3 > Week 10- Cardiovascular regulation (Cardio week 2) > Flashcards

Week 10- Cardiovascular regulation (Cardio week 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an arterial anastemoses function and example

A

Function is protective if we lose blood flow
Cirlce of willis

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2
Q

Funcion of arteriovenous anastomosis

A

Middle of capilary bed, provides a shunt to skip capillary bed

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3
Q

Define Arteries and veins

A

Arteries- going away from the heart
veins- going towards the heart

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessel walls

A

External- Tunica externa (adventitia)
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima (interna) most internal

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5
Q

Which layer of blood vessil changees size when contrating/relaxing

A

Tunica media

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6
Q

What is the outter, protective layer of blood vessils called

A

Tunica externa (adventitia)

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7
Q

What is the layer of blood vessil wall that is continuous through all vessels and chambers, made of endothelial cells with basement membranes?

A

Tunica intima (interna)

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8
Q

What occurs When the tunica medial contracts

A

Vasoconstriction–> decreased blood flow

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9
Q

What occurs when the tunica media relaxes

A

Vasodialation–> increased blood flow

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10
Q

What kind of tissue is tunica externa, and what does it connect to

A

Connective tissue, connects to the tissue that the blood supplies

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11
Q

Which blood vessil layer is made of endothelial cells

A

tunica intima

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12
Q

What part of arteries are thicker than veins

A

Tunica media (muscle) is thicker (much more ability to change size of arteries, much higher pressure)

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13
Q

What part of veins are thicker than arteries

A

The Tunica externa is thicker

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14
Q

Where is the majority of our blood flow at rest

A

Systemic veins (resovoir for blood)

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15
Q

What is the function of the thick tunica media in arteries

A

Withstand high BP, change vessil size

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16
Q

What is the function of smaller arteries (describe their structure too)

A

Made of less elasticity and more smooth muscles, they are resistance vessils and are made of more smooth muscle so that they can control BP.

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17
Q

Is there more blood in arteries or veins

A

Always more blood in veins- 55% of blood in veins at rest

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18
Q

How do you mobilze the pooled blood in veins? (What type of nervous stimulation?)

A
  • Increase SNS stimulation, cause vasoconstriction
  • Muscle pump
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19
Q

The muscle pump is what and the mechanism is dependent on what?

A

Muscles smash veins when they contract, push blood back to heart. Mechanism is dependent on valves

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20
Q

Vein tunica externa function

A

support the vessels

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21
Q

Vein tunica intima function

A

Forms valves- this fights against gravity and maintains the movement of blood

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22
Q

What are the smallest veins called

A

venules (capitance vessels)

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23
Q

What are venous sinuses

A

High specialized flattened veins, very thin walls (ex. coronary sinus, dural venous sinus)

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24
Q

What are the smallest arteries called

A

Arterioles (resistance vessels)

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25
Q

Describe the pathway of the different types of arteries in the arterial system

A

Heart–> Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)–> Muscular arteries (distrubuting arteries)–> Arterioles (resistance vessels)

26
Q

What 2 vessels are capillaries between

A

Between venules and arterioles

27
Q

Function of capillaries

A

exchange between blood and tissues

28
Q

What are capillaries made of

A

endothelium wall

29
Q

What type of capillary beds skip capillaries and create arteriovenous anastamoses

A

Metaterioles

30
Q

Blood cells go in a single file in what type of capillaries

A

true capillaries (smallest lumen diameter)

31
Q

Describe continuous nonfenestrated capillaries

A

Continuous( basal lamina is continuous), non-fenestrated ( no holes in cells, no leakage)

Found in CNS, muscle, skin, allow for diffusion but control what enters and exits

32
Q

Which type of capillary is the most common

A

continuous, non-fenestrated

33
Q

Describe continuous, fenestrated capillaries

A

Basal lamina is continuous, there are little holes that allow diffusion and permiability to substances sometimes
Kidneys- allow for blood filtration
Endocrine glands- allow for secretion
Intestines- allow for absorbtion

34
Q

Locations of continuous, fenestrated capillaries

A

Kidneys- filter blood
Endocrine glands- secretion
Intestines- absorbtion

35
Q

Describe discontinuous capillaries

A

Basal lamina is not continuous from one cell to another
Most are sinusoidal/sinusoids
Gaps between allow high permiability for larger substances like proteins and cells

36
Q

Where do you find discontinuous cpaillaries

A

Bone marrow, liver, spleen

Need RBCs to be able to get through

37
Q

Function of discontinuous capillaries

A

Slow blood cells to modify them, put new blood cells and proteins into circulation

38
Q

Roles of pericytes

A

Contractile to decrease permiability when contracting/increase when relaxing
Allow for the growth of new Blood Vessils

39
Q

The blood flow in ml/min is equivalent to what in the whole body

A

cardiac output

40
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Force/unit area exerted on vessel wall by the blood

41
Q

What influences blood pressure

A

Cardiac output
blood volume
resistance to flow

42
Q

What are some factors that increase resistance

A

Vessel length
Blood viscosity
Blood vessel size

43
Q

What do pregnancy, normal growth, and obesity do to blood resistance

A

Increase resistance due to vessel lengths

44
Q

Where does fluid accumulate in edema

A

interstitial space

45
Q

Common causes of acites

A

liver failure- portal hypertension and low alblumin
Kwashiorkor- protein deficient diet that has decreased osmotic pressure in blood because the body can’t make protein

46
Q

Where do Right and Left coronary arteries arise from

A

directly from aorta

47
Q

What occurs to coronary blood vessels when HR increases

A

Coronary blood vessels dialate due to local chemical factors

48
Q

What is angina

A

temporary blockage of coronary arteries

49
Q

What is a MI

A

Heart attack, complete blockage of artery that leads to tissue death

50
Q

What is a myogenic reaction

A

immediate- pressure directly changes vessel size

51
Q

What vessels does a metabolic reaction impact

A

effects precapillary sphincters and arterioles
- Increased metabolism leads to dialation (i.e. higher temperature, higher K and lactate from muscles, low O2 in blood/High CO2)
- Decreased metabolism leads to constriction (i.e. low temperature, high O2, Low CO2, Low H+ ions, low temperature/lactate/K)

52
Q

Local effects that lead to increased dialation

A

Low O2, High CO2, High H+ (low pH), High temperature

53
Q

Effects that lead to constriction

A

High O2, Low CO2, Low H+/high pH, low temperature

54
Q

What factor does low oxygen stimulate

A

HIF-1alpha

55
Q

Which receptor type are most BV’s controlled by for constriction in sympathetic NS

A

Alpha 1

56
Q

Which receptor type are most BV’s controlled by for dialation in sympathetic NS

A

Beta 2

57
Q

Where are the important baroreceptors in the body

A

Carotid sinus (branch of glosopharyngeal n, carotid sinus n))
Aortic arch (Branch of vagus nerve, aortic depressor n))

58
Q

What activates baroreceptors

A

increased pressure

59
Q

What are the goals of the chemoreceptor reflexes

A

maintain oxygen levels
maintain pH via CO2 levels
(respond to O2, CO2, H+)

60
Q

What is the common factor in all forms of shock

A

low blood flow

61
Q
A

Physiology Unit 3 (6 decks)

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