Week 10- Cardiovascular regulation (Cardio week 2)

Question 1

What is an arterial anastemoses function and example

Answer 1

Function is protective if we lose blood flow
Cirlce of willis

Question 2

Funcion of arteriovenous anastomosis

Answer 2

Middle of capilary bed, provides a shunt to skip capillary bed

Question 3

Define Arteries and veins

Answer 3

Arteries- going away from the heart
veins- going towards the heart

Question 4

What are the 3 layers of blood vessel walls

Answer 4

External- Tunica externa (adventitia)
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima (interna) most internal

Question 5

Which layer of blood vessil changees size when contrating/relaxing

Answer 5

Tunica media

Question 6

What is the outter, protective layer of blood vessils called

Answer 6

Tunica externa (adventitia)

Question 7

What is the layer of blood vessil wall that is continuous through all vessels and chambers, made of endothelial cells with basement membranes?

Answer 7

Tunica intima (interna)

Question 8

What occurs When the tunica medial contracts

Answer 8

Vasoconstriction–> decreased blood flow

Question 9

What occurs when the tunica media relaxes

Answer 9

Vasodialation–> increased blood flow

Question 10

What kind of tissue is tunica externa, and what does it connect to

Answer 10

Connective tissue, connects to the tissue that the blood supplies

Question 11

Which blood vessil layer is made of endothelial cells

Answer 11

tunica intima

Question 12

What part of arteries are thicker than veins

Answer 12

Tunica media (muscle) is thicker (much more ability to change size of arteries, much higher pressure)

Question 13

What part of veins are thicker than arteries

Answer 13

The Tunica externa is thicker

Question 14

Where is the majority of our blood flow at rest

Answer 14

Systemic veins (resovoir for blood)

Question 15

What is the function of the thick tunica media in arteries

Answer 15

Withstand high BP, change vessil size

Question 16

What is the function of smaller arteries (describe their structure too)

Answer 16

Made of less elasticity and more smooth muscles, they are resistance vessils and are made of more smooth muscle so that they can control BP.

Question 17

Is there more blood in arteries or veins

Answer 17

Always more blood in veins- 55% of blood in veins at rest

Question 18

How do you mobilze the pooled blood in veins? (What type of nervous stimulation?)

Answer 18

• Increase SNS stimulation, cause vasoconstriction
• Muscle pump

Question 19

The muscle pump is what and the mechanism is dependent on what?

Answer 19

Muscles smash veins when they contract, push blood back to heart. Mechanism is dependent on valves

Question 20

Vein tunica externa function

Answer 20

support the vessels

Question 21

Vein tunica intima function

Answer 21

Forms valves- this fights against gravity and maintains the movement of blood

Question 22

What are the smallest veins called

Answer 22

venules (capitance vessels)

Question 23

What are venous sinuses

Answer 23

High specialized flattened veins, very thin walls (ex. coronary sinus, dural venous sinus)

Question 24

What are the smallest arteries called

Answer 24

Arterioles (resistance vessels)

Question 25

Describe the pathway of the different types of arteries in the arterial system

Answer 25

Heart--> Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)--> Muscular arteries (distrubuting arteries)--> Arterioles (resistance vessels)

Question 26

What 2 vessels are capillaries between

Answer 26

Between venules and arterioles

Question 27

Function of capillaries

Answer 27

exchange between blood and tissues

Question 28

What are capillaries made of

Answer 28

endothelium wall

Question 29

What type of capillary beds skip capillaries and create arteriovenous anastamoses

Answer 29

Metaterioles

Question 30

Blood cells go in a single file in what type of capillaries

Answer 30

true capillaries (smallest lumen diameter)

Question 31

Describe continuous nonfenestrated capillaries

Answer 31

Continuous( basal lamina is continuous), non-fenestrated ( no holes in cells, no leakage) Found in CNS, muscle, skin, allow for diffusion but control what enters and exits

Question 32

Which type of capillary is the most common

Answer 32

continuous, non-fenestrated

Question 33

Describe continuous, fenestrated capillaries

Answer 33

Basal lamina is continuous, there are little holes that allow diffusion and permiability to substances sometimes Kidneys- allow for blood filtration Endocrine glands- allow for secretion Intestines- allow for absorbtion

Question 34

Locations of continuous, fenestrated capillaries

Answer 34

Kidneys- filter blood Endocrine glands- secretion Intestines- absorbtion

Question 35

Describe discontinuous capillaries

Answer 35

Basal lamina is not continuous from one cell to another Most are sinusoidal/sinusoids Gaps between allow high permiability for larger substances like proteins and cells

Question 36

Where do you find discontinuous cpaillaries

Answer 36

Bone marrow, liver, spleen Need RBCs to be able to get through

Question 37

Function of discontinuous capillaries

Answer 37

Slow blood cells to modify them, put new blood cells and proteins into circulation

Question 38

Roles of pericytes

Answer 38

Contractile to decrease permiability when contracting/increase when relaxing Allow for the growth of new Blood Vessils

Question 39

The blood flow in ml/min is equivalent to what in the whole body

Answer 39

cardiac output

Question 40

What is blood pressure

Answer 40

Force/unit area exerted on vessel wall by the blood

Question 41

What influences blood pressure

Answer 41

Cardiac output blood volume resistance to flow

Question 42

What are some factors that increase resistance

Answer 42

Vessel length Blood viscosity Blood vessel size

Question 43

What do pregnancy, normal growth, and obesity do to blood resistance

Answer 43

Increase resistance due to vessel lengths

Question 44

Where does fluid accumulate in edema

Answer 44

interstitial space

Question 45

Common causes of acites

Answer 45

liver failure- portal hypertension and low alblumin Kwashiorkor- protein deficient diet that has decreased osmotic pressure in blood because the body can't make protein

Question 46

Where do Right and Left coronary arteries arise from

Answer 46

directly from aorta

Question 47

What occurs to coronary blood vessels when HR increases

Answer 47

Coronary blood vessels dialate due to local chemical factors

Question 48

What is angina

Answer 48

temporary blockage of coronary arteries

Question 49

What is a MI

Answer 49

Heart attack, complete blockage of artery that leads to tissue death

Question 50

What is a myogenic reaction

Answer 50

immediate- pressure directly changes vessel size

Question 51

What vessels does a metabolic reaction impact

Answer 51

effects precapillary sphincters and arterioles - Increased metabolism leads to dialation (i.e. higher temperature, higher K and lactate from muscles, low O2 in blood/High CO2) - Decreased metabolism leads to constriction (i.e. low temperature, high O2, Low CO2, Low H+ ions, low temperature/lactate/K)

Question 52

Local effects that lead to increased dialation

Answer 52

Low O2, High CO2, High H+ (low pH), High temperature

Question 53

Effects that lead to constriction

Answer 53

High O2, Low CO2, Low H+/high pH, low temperature

Question 54

What factor does low oxygen stimulate

Answer 54

HIF-1alpha

Question 55

Which receptor type are most BV's controlled by for constriction in sympathetic NS

Answer 55

Alpha 1

Question 56

Which receptor type are most BV's controlled by for dialation in sympathetic NS

Answer 56

Beta 2

Question 57

Where are the important baroreceptors in the body

Answer 57

Carotid sinus (branch of glosopharyngeal n, carotid sinus n)) Aortic arch (Branch of vagus nerve, aortic depressor n))

Question 58

What activates baroreceptors

Answer 58

increased pressure

Question 59

What are the goals of the chemoreceptor reflexes

Answer 59

maintain oxygen levels maintain pH via CO2 levels (respond to O2, CO2, H+)

Question 60

What is the common factor in all forms of shock

Answer 60

low blood flow