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Physiology Unit 3 > GI phys day 1 > Flashcards

GI phys day 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many sphincters are in the GI tract

A

6 plus the sphincter of oddi

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2
Q

How many layers in the GI tract

A

4
Mucosa (internal lining)
Submucosa (houses BV and nerves)
Muscularis propria (Thickest layer, 2 large layers of muscle)
Serosa ( Mesothelium)

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3
Q

Which layer of the GI tract is most external

A

serosa (mesothelium)

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4
Q

Which layer of the GI tract is the internal lining of the epithelial membrane

A

Mucosa

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5
Q

Which layer of the GI tract houses Blood Vessils and nerves

A

Submucosa

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6
Q

Which layer of the GI tract is the thickest layer, with 2 large layers of muscle?

A

Muscularis propria

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7
Q

What are the 2 blood supplies of the digestive tract

A
  1. Splanchnic circulation (IVC, celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, portal vein, inferior mesenteric artery)
  2. Hepatic portal circulation (a portion of the splanchnic circulation, the part between the GI tract and liver)
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8
Q

What does the Hepatic portal circulation lie between

A

The GI tract and liver

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9
Q

What are the 2 functions of the splanchnic circulation

A

Feed GI tract cells (nutrients, drop off O2)
Absorb nutrients (put in blood stream)

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10
Q

What are the 2 capillary beds in the Hepatic portal circulation

A
  1. In the small intestine, the hepatic portal circulation supplies O2 to small intestine and picks up absorbed nutrients
  2. In the Liver, the system drops off absorbed nutrients, drains into hepatic veins
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11
Q

Via which artery does oxygenated blood get to the liver

A

The Hepatic artery

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12
Q

Which nerve allows the enteric nervous system to operate

A

Vagus nerve

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13
Q

Via which nervous system is the gi tract controlled

A

Enteric NS

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14
Q

What are the main functions of the enteric NS

A
  1. Coordinate activity of the digestive tract
  2. Make sure food moves at the same pace throughout
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15
Q

Describe the Villi, Microvilli, Capillaries in the GI tract

A

Villi: Finger-like projections, larger ridges that you can see without a microscope
Microvilli: On top of the villi- hair-like projections that make up the brush boarder in small intestine. Give increased surface area to put enzymes on
Capillaries: Absorb nutrients

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16
Q

What projections make up the brush-boarder in the small intestine

A

Microvilli

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17
Q

Describe Lacteals, Goblet Cells, and Intestinal Crypt

A

Lacteals: Lymphatic system, absorb lipids
Goblet cells: Mucus-producing cells
Intestinal crypt: Holes (stem cells inside)

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18
Q

What types of cells are inside of the intestinal crypt

A

Stem cells

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19
Q

Which nerves provide parasympathetic activation to the Sailvary glands

A

Facial (7) and Glosopharyngeal (9)

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20
Q

4 Contents of Salivary gland

A
  1. Amylase (breakdown carbs)
  2. IgA/lysozyme: Destrory bacteria
  3. Mucins (turns into mucus)
  4. Bicarbonate (alkaline)
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21
Q

What is the secretion and function of Parietal cells

A

Secrete: HCL
Fx: protein degredation, activate pepsinogin, Vitamin absorbtion

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22
Q

What is the secretion and function of chief cells

A

Secrete: Pepsinogin
Fx: Protein digestion

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23
Q

What is the secretion and function of ECL cells

A

Secrete: Histamine
Fx: Stimulate parietal cells

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24
Q

What is the function of Mucous neck cells

A

Stem cells of stomach, replace surface mucous cells

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25
Q

Surface mucous cells function

A

lining of stomach

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26
Q

G cells secrete what

A

Gastrin

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27
Q

Where are G cells found

A

Antrum

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28
Q

3 Primary stimuli of Gastric secretions

A
  1. Gastrin release into bloodstream
  2. Histamine
  3. AcH from enteric nerve endings
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29
Q

What is gastrin released in response to

A

Protein in the digestive tract

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30
Q

What cells does gastrin stimulate

A

Parietal cells, chief cells, ECL cells

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31
Q

Why are Parietal cells packed with mitochondria?

A

Their receptors have active channels, so they have to pump out HCl and need ATP to drive the active transport of H+

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32
Q

What 3 binding receptors do parietal cells have

A

AcH (M3), Histamine(H2), Gastrin (CCK-B)

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33
Q

Where does the small intestine start

A

Duodenum

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34
Q

Where do bile and pancreatic juices dump

A

Duodenum

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35
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Produce enzymes to produce micronutrients

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36
Q

What is the organ that is the bile resivoir

A

Gallbladder

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37
Q

Which cells secrete pancreatic juice

A

Acini cells secrete pancreatic juice into ducts that lead to duodenum

38
Q

What is the pH of pancreatic juice

A

PH= 8 to counteract low pH of stomach (bicarbonate ions)

39
Q

Describe the digestive enzymes in the pancreas

A

Digestive enzymes that are mostly inactive forms, that then become active in the lumen

40
Q

Are digestive enzymes active or inactive in the pancreas

A

mostly inactive (if active, they would eat the bile duct).
They activate in the lumen

41
Q

Where do digestive enzymes from the pancreas activate

A

in the lumen

42
Q

What can acute pancreatitis be caused by in relation to digestive enzymes

A

If there is pre mature activation of phospholipase A2, this destroys cell membranes because of the activation of the digestive enzymes

43
Q

What are the 2 stimulants of acini cells to secrete pancreatic juice?

A

Secretin–> Secretes HCO3 (bicarbonate) rich juice
CCK–> Secretes enzyme rich juice

44
Q

Where is bile made

A

in the liver

45
Q

Bile is connected to the absorbtion of which nutrient

A

lipids

46
Q

What are the 2 key components of bile acids

A

cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid

47
Q

What are the structures of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acids, and what do they form?

A

Structure: Amphipathic ( have a polar and nonpolar side
Form: micelles (transport lipids in GI tract)

48
Q

What are the 2 bile pigments

A
  1. Bilirubin
  2. Biliverdin
49
Q

What do the 2 bile pigments come from

A

they are broken down hemoglobin (make bile yellow)

50
Q

Is biliary secretion acidic or alialine

A

Alkaline- increases pH

51
Q

Endocrine vs paracrine

A

Endocrine: Released in blood and go through body
Paracrine: Local effects in the blood

52
Q

Water absorbtion is dependent on which ion absorbtion

A

Na

53
Q

Na is absorbed via

A
  1. Secondary active transport with glucose
  2. Exchange with H
  3. Coupled with Cl
  4. Epithelial Na channels (ENaC)
54
Q

Reduction of absorbtion of which ion and Increased secretion of which ion is caused by Cholera

A

Na absorbtion (reduces NaCl absorbtion)
Increased Cl secretion

55
Q

What disorder results in a hyperosmotic lumen

A

Cholera

56
Q

Food poisioning does what in the lumen

A

Cause increased solute concentrations in the lumen, which draws water in and results in Diarrhea

57
Q

Diarrhea results in which K dysfunction

A

Hypokalemia- K secretion in the colon

58
Q

Constipation results from which nutriant imbalance and what fixes this?

A

Fiber deficiency (Fiber is a solute in the lumen)
Treated with Mg sulfates (increase osmotic pressure in lumen, pull water in)

59
Q

What are the 6 processes of the GI tract

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Secretion
Propulsion
Defacation

60
Q

Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth

A

Salivary amylase

61
Q

Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates in the small intestine

A

Pancreatic amylases

62
Q

Which enzymes are bound to microvilli to break down carbohydrates

A

Brush border enzymes Sucrase, lactase, isomaltase (break down carbs to monosaccharides)

63
Q

what are carbohydrates absorbed as

A

Glucose and galactose
- Absorbed through intestinal cells into blood via cotransport with Na

64
Q

How do carbohydrates leave the intestinal cells to get into the blood

A

GLUT 2 channels (get glucose out of the cell and into blood vessils)

65
Q

What channels facilitate the diffusion of fructose

A

GLUT 5(go into cell), GLUT 2(go from cell to blood)

66
Q

Where does protein digestion begin

A

In the stomach

67
Q

How is pepsionogen converted into pepsin

A

Via low pH– helps proteins unfold, doesn’t break the bonds directly

68
Q

Why does pepsinogen stop cleaving peptide bonds in small intestine

A

there is a higher pH so pepsinogen is not converted to pepsin

69
Q

Describe the activation of trypsinogen

A

Enterokinase (brush border) activates trypsionogen to become trypsin, trypsin activates all others

70
Q

What does trypsinogen do to proteins

A

creates some amino acids, but mostly small peptide chains

71
Q

What do brush border proteolytic enzymes break down proteins into

A

dipeptides, tripeptides, or amino acids

72
Q

Describe the 7 different mechanisms of amino acid transport

A
  • 5 require Na co-transport (use Na gradient)
  • 2 are independent of Na
73
Q

Dipeptides and Tripeptides are transported via which transporter. What kind of transport is this?

A

Pep T1 (uses H cotransport)

74
Q

Where are proteins broken down into individual amino acids

A

inside of intestinal cells

75
Q

What emulsify’s fat

A

Bile acids (sourround them and seperate them from others)

76
Q

Which side (polar or nonpolar) faces out on micelles

A

Polar side faces out to get to the brush border enzymes (Transports lipids through GI tract)

77
Q

After micelles deliver fatty acids and monoglicerides to intestinal cells, describe the fate of lipid digestion

A
  • Lipids sourround by protein to form chylomicrons
  • Chylomicrons released into lacteals (dumped into venous system)
  • Lacteals go to liver and are converted to LDL, HDL, etc
78
Q

What is the primary cause of steatorrhea

A

pancreatic lipase deficiency
Secondary: Too much alkaline secretion, too much acid secretion in stomach (enzyme doesn’t work if the pH is too low), defective reabsorbtion of bile in ilium (if PH too low, cant activate lipases)

79
Q

Describe the 3 causes of malabsorption

A

1.Short gut syndrome (50% of gut is removed, lack absorbtion of nutrients)
2. Absorption of vitamins is impaired
3. Celiac disease

80
Q

Celiac disease pathology

A

Autoimmune defense against gluten –> inflammation–> loss of cilia and flattened villi–> malabsorption

81
Q

What are SCFAs and where are they

A

Short chain fatty acids ( 2-5 carbon weak acids), found in the colon.

82
Q

Where are SCFAs produced and absorbed

A

the colon– formed by bacteria via breakdown of fiber

83
Q

What is the benifit of fiber in relation to the colon

A

fiber increases the production of SCFAs, which has an anti-inflammatory effect overall

84
Q

Describe diatary iron and absorbtion

A

Most is ferrous (Fe3) but needs to be Ferric (Fe2) to be absorbed (Brush boarder enzyme does the conversion to get it into the blood)

85
Q

What is iron bound to in the blood

A

carried in blood bound to the transferrin protein

86
Q

Where are most vitamins absorbed

A

the duodenum

87
Q

What does B12 require the release of for absorbtion and where is it absorbed

A

requries the release of intrensic factor in the duodenum by parietal cells, it is absorbed in the ilium

88
Q

Which vitamins are Na independent

A

B12 and folate (other 7 are water soluble that absorb with Na cotransport)

89
Q

Which vitamins are fat-soluble

A

A, D, E, K (require bile for absorbtion)
( Always disown every kid )
(Dont come at me for my mnumonic i hate kids and now i can remember which vitamins are fat soluble )

90
Q

What is Cobalt essential for

A

Cobalt is a component of B12
Megaloblastic anemia occurs when we have a deficiency in B12/Cobalt/Folate

91
Q
A

Physiology Unit 3 (6 decks)

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