Week 10 - Athletic Injury and Addictive and Unhealthy Behaviours Flashcards
Injury
trauma to the body or its parts = temporary or sometimes permanent physical ability & inhibition of motor function
How injuries occur - physical factors
muscle imbalance, high speed collisions, overtraining and physical fatigue
How injuries occur - social factors
perception that playing with pain/injury is seen as highly valued in society
How injuries occur - psychological factors
stressors poor coping strategies and the athlete’s psychological skills influence the onset of injury
How injuries occur - personality factors
has not been successfully identified as a cause of injury - optimism, self esteem, and hardiness play a role (minimal evidence)
How injuries occur - stress levels
people with high levels of stress = more sport and exercise related injuries.
What does the stress-injury relationship cause?
attentional disruption and increased muscle tension
what chemicals are increased by psychological stress
catecholamines and glucocorticoids
What is the effect of increased catecholamines and glucocorticoids?
impairs the movement of healing immune cells to the site of injury and interfere with the removal of damaged tissue.
What is a physiological effect of prolonged stress?
decrease actions of insulin-like growth hormones that are critical during the rebuilding process.
What are the three general categories of emotional reactions to being injured
1) Injury Relevant Processing
2) Emotional upheaval and reactive behaviours
3) Positive outlook, coping
Consequences of injury
identity loss, fear and anxiety, lack of confidence, performance decrements, group processes
What are the three processes in injury rehabilitation
1) injury or illness phase
2) rehabilitation and recovery phase
3) return to full activity phase
injury or illness phase
focuses on helping the athlete understand the injury
rehabilitation and recovery phase
focuses attention on helping sustain motivation and adherence to rehabilitation protocols
return to full activity phase
athlete is physically cleared for participation (complete recovery does not happen until normal competitive functioning occurs)
What are the roles of sport psychology in injury rehabilitation
educate injured person, teach specific coping skills, teach how to cope with set backs, learn from injured athletes
What are the roles of sport psychology in injury rehabilitation (continued)
identify athletes and exercisers who are at high risk for injury, build rapport with the injured party and foster and provide social support to the athlete.
What is Anorexia nervosa characterised by
- intense fear of becoming obese
- disturbed body image
- significant weight loss
- refusal to maintain normal BW
- Amenorrhea (abnormal menstruation)
What is Bulimia
it is an episodic eating pattern of uncontrollable food bingeing followed by purging.
What is Bulimia characterised by
- an awareness that the pattern is abnormal
- fear of being unable to stop eating voluntarily
- depressed mood
- self-depreciation
What is the lifetime prevalence of Bulimia
1.5% in men and 0.5% in females
What is the lifetime prevalence of binge eating disorder
3.5% in women and 2% in men
What is the percentage of female athletes that may be amenoorheic?
Up to 66%
Internal factors contributing to the onset of eating disorder symptoms
negative mood, low self esteem, perfectionism in achievement, desire for control
External factors contributing to the onset of eating disorder symptoms
negative influences on self esteem, hurtful relationships, hurtful role models, sport performance
Do’s and Don’ts of dealing with eating disorders
Do
- support and empathy
- emphasise the importance of nutrition
- make a referral for professional treatment
Don’t
- Hold team weigh ins
- single out individual in front of team
- discuss the problem with nonprofessionals
What percentage of elite athletes said they would take a banned performance-enhancing substance
98%
What percentage of elite athletes said they would take a banned performance-enhancing substance even if it meant they would die from side effects
60%
Substance Abuse
maladaptive pattern of psychoactive substance use, indicated by at least one of the following: continued use or recurrent use
drug addiction
a state in which either discontinuing or continual use of a drug creates an overwhelming desire, need and craving for more of the substance.
Physical reasons of wanting to take drugs
enhance performance
rehabilitate injury
look better
control appetite and lose weight
Psychological reasons of wanting to take drugs
escape from unpleasant emotions or stress
build confidence or enhance self esteem
seek thrills
Social reasons of wanting to take drugs
peer pressure
emulating athletic heroes
6 major categories of performance enhancing drugs
stimulants, narcotic analgesics, anabolic steroids, beta blockers, diuretics, peptide hormones and analogues
common side effects of recreational drug use
mood swings
distorted vision
decreased RT
changes in blood pressure
increased HR
reduced strength, endurance, speed
DSDM
Drugs in Sport Decision Model
What is the DSDM
states that individuals conduct a cost-benefit analysis of the consequences of law-breaking behaviour before deciding to break a law
What are the 3 components of DSDM
- cost of decision to use
- benefits associated with using
- specific situational factors that may affect the cost-benefit analysis of using
exercise addiction
psychological or physiological dependence on a regular regimen of exercise that is characterised by withdrawal symptoms after 24 to 36 hrs w/o exercise
primary exercise dependence
exercise is an end in itself - may include altered eating behaviours for the purpose of enhancing performance.
secondary exercise dependence
exercise is a symptom of another primary pathological condition e.g a eating disorder
sexual harassment
behaviour toward an individual that involves sexualised verbal, non verbal or physical behaviour, whether intended or unintended - based on an abuse of power and trust (unwanted or coerced)
situational risk factors
going to coach’s house, getting massages from coach and being driven home by coach
personal risk factors
athlete’s low self esteem, distant parent-athlete relationships and devotion to the coach
