Week 10 Flashcards
How does confidence in solving non-insight and insight problems change over time ?
- Confidence increases when feeling you’re getting closer or once you solved it
- Non-sight: have a feeling when we are getting closer since there’s specific steps we have to follow
- Insight: once it hits you confidence spikes up once you realize what the solution is
Discuss the relation between functional fixedness and mental sets
- Functional fixedness: focused on typical function of object and can’t come up with creative solutions (think outside the box)
- Mental sets: often approach solving things the same way over and over again
- both focus on the same thing and intefere with thinking outside the box and stick to what you’re comfortable with
What is means-end-analysis ?
- information processing approach
- Intial state - how to I get from point A to point B
- Goal state
- Operators (rules)
- Intermediate status (subgoals; steps to reach end goal)
- Problem Space - hypothetical mental state in which we can have goals, subgoals, etc
- Ex: Tower of Hanoi
Describe the process of making an analogy ?
- Analogical transfer: using one thing to solve another
- Source problems - another problem that is similar to the target problem which can help them solve the problem
- target problems - problem you’re trying to solve
- Notice (notice connection), mapping (elements onto each other) and applying (can I aplly one solution to the other problem ?)
- Analogical encoding: two problems are compared and similarities between them are determined
- trade-off strategy: “ill give you a if you give me B”
- contingency strategy: person gets what they want if something else happens
- In vivo problem solving: observe people solving problems in real-time; bring up related things from their past to help solve the problem
Describe two limits to expertise
- Limited to things they learn about
- curse of knowledge: “I know so other people must know”
Define creative (divergent) thinking
open ended thinking that involves many possibloe solutions
How can group brainstorming help or hurt creative problem solving ?
- Help - everyone is invovled
- Hurt - harms group thinking due to diffferences among group
What part of the brain limits creative thinking ?
ATL
What is the availability heursitic ?
- First thing that comes to mind in the moment will influence the judgements and decisions we make
- Ex: Which are more prevalent in Englihs, words that beging with the letter r or words in which the letter r is the 3rd letter ?
What is the representative heuristic ?
- Sounds like an example of something, assume that is the case (stereotypes)
- Ex: Rober wears glasses, speaks quitely, and reads a lot, Is he a librarian or a farmer?
What is confirmation bias ?
If we beleive something, we tend to focus and think about things that agree with it and disregard anything that goes against it
What is the expected utility theory ?
- Irrational decisions when given options/choices
- not calculating probability; rely on emotions (problem)
- don’t think before making decisions
What did you learn about the relation between expected emotions and risk aversion ?
- The way we expect things to feel doesnt match how we actually felt
- since we think it will feel bad, we tend to avoid things even though at the end it didn’t feel that way
- essentially LIFE GOES ON
How does incidental emotions and context influence decision making ?
- Incidental emotions - emotions influences our decisions without realizing, especially negative ones ( lerner and colleagues study)
- Context - Medical and Parole decisions studies
Do opt-in or opt-out procedues lead to better compliance ?
Opt-out leads to better compliance since the person can be removed and doesn’t have to think about it (Negative) since in opt-in is decision based which makes the person think about it
