Week 10 Flashcards
Internal vs External Control
-> How much control do I have?
Innner
“I am the master of my environment; I can and should control my
environment by imposing my will upon it.”
“When I make plans, I’m almost certain that I can make them work. Luck is not an mportant part of life.
Outer
“I am part of my environment; I am part of nature and must go along with its laws, directions and forces.”
“It is not always wise to plan too far ahead because many things turn out to be a matter of good or bad fortune.
Internal vs External Control
diffrent countries
communist states / holistic / particularism
it’s all controlled from the outside, it’s not about the individual, about his opinion
Inner vs Outer
Inner Direction conceives of virtue as inside each of us, in our souls, convictions, and principles, in the triumph of conscious purpose.
Outer Direction conceives of virtue as outside each of us in natural rhythms, in the beauties and power of nature, in aesthetic environments and relationships.
Inner Directedness
at its best…
- Looks for that “big idea” (Alexander the Great at Marathon, Thermopylae, Chaeronea, etc.) -> IPhone the vision, even if it was not the best phone
- Beckons one to become the “master of their fate, and captain of their soul” (William Earnest Henley, Invictus) -> I’am in control / responsible
- Builds our “own (stair)way to paradise” (Georges Guétary, in An American in Paris) -> I’m gona bild my own stairs to heaven, no one has to help me
- Let’s us do it “my way” (Frank Sinatra) -> you can’t change my vision / belives
- Puts private conscience at the helm of societal and political affairs (Martin Luther’s 99 Theses) -> sticks to conscience, I think this is the correct way for me
- Allows individuals to defy society and their environments for the sake of their own convictions (Albert Camus “I rebel, therefore we exist”)
Inner Directedness
when taken too far…
- Creates a compulsion to “succeed” by any means and at any cost.
- Encourages compensatory fantasies (to be z.B., like our favorite nature-defying superhero/ine). -> creates compensatory fantasies
- Validates man’s attempt to dominate and control nature. -> multiplies and depletes the earth
- Can lead to self-blame or self-flagellation as a consequence of perceived guilt.
- Overemphasis on self-protection via weapons -> I must protect myself
- The self-directed belief that Icarus could control his environment led to his demise.
- When both parties believe they are right, and their convictions should be imposed on others then stubbornness becomes a virtue
Outer Directedness
at its best…
Communist countries, we have to work together
- Utilizes the momentum of your opponent against them (ex. Judo, Aikido, Kendo, etc.).
- Designs environments in harmony with nature
- Teaches survival disciplines that become reactive habits and disciplines, minimizing and deflecting violence.
- Emulates the beauty, strength, force, speed, and majesty of nature. (ex. Shinto or Zen Buddhism). -> inspiration from nature
- Is quick to catch on to foreign technologies and elaborate, improve, refine, and customize more effectively to become “Tiger economies”.
- Allows everyone to get on the same wavelength and “sing along” to the same song.
Outer Directedness
when taken too far
- Can become pathological; East Asian attitudes toward death, may represent an ethos of self-sacrifice to external authorities; there is “honor” and “nobility” in disembowelment and ritual sacrifice.
- Worships the “Divine Wind” to emulate the destructive power of typhoons; as angry as a volcano, as cold as a mountaintop.
- Can lead to fatalism and the notion that whatever happens must be the will of the gods or God.
- Discomfort, humiliation, and ridicule of contestants is grist for the humor mill of the audience.
- Can produce an artificiality, an overcontrolled “naturalness” that is untrue to nature.
- Leads to an** environment where, in the extreme**, collective misery is the new status quo and nothing can be done to change the circumstances
The Concept of Face
“Deeply rooted in the Chinese concept of face are conceptualizations of a competent person in Chinese society: one who defines and puts self in relation to others and who cultivates morality so that his or her conduct will not lose others’ face. This contrasts with the American cultural definition of a person who is expected to be independent, self- reliant, and successful. The end result is that a Chinese person is expected to be relationally or communally conscious whereas an American person is expected to be self-conscious.
-> in philipono you or I depend on the situation -> hierarchy, gender
On Chinese
Consumer Behavior
“…It is social rather than personal in nature. Where pride is personal, face is public. It is the desire to not appear weak or look bad in the eyes of others. It is not necessarily about how an individual is, but how he is viewed by others…”
-> do we buy luxury products for us or for on them
Orient -> buy a lot things, that other do not see
Inner vs outer
guilt vs shame
Guilt (Switzerland)
* In Switzerland if you cheat you feel guilty
Shame
* In the Philippines -> no legal divorce, no sex until marriage, get married early
* Husbands and wifes has lovers -> you do what you want do, if any of my friends know that, that is a problem
Management Dichotomies
Inner / Outer
Listener: Japan listen more if they are higher in the hierarchy
In Management
Inner vs Outer
Inner Directed
- Get agreement on and ownership of clear objectives.
- Make sure that tangible goals are clearly linked to tangible rewards.
- Discuss disagreements and conflicts openly; these show that everyone is determined.
- Management-by-objectives works if everyone is genuinely committed to directing themselves towards shared objectives and if these persist.
Outer directed
- Achieve congruence among various people’s goals.
- Try to reinforce the current directions and facilitate the work of employees.
- Give people time and opportunities to work quietly through conflicts; these are distressing.
- Management-by-environments works if everyone is genuinely committed to adapting themselves to fit external demands as these shift.
Tips for doing
business with…
Inner vs Outer
Inner (for Outer) Directed
- Playing “hard ball” is legitimate to test the resilience of an opponent.
- It is most important to “win your objective”.
- Win some, lose some.
Outer (for Inner) Directed
- Softness, persistence, politeness and long, long patience will get rewards.
- It is most important to “maintain your relationship”.
- Win together, lose apart.
Internal vs. External
Directedness
Internal
* Internal “push”
* Focus on self and in control
* Discomfort with being “out of control”
* Dominance and aggressiveness
* Preventative maintenance
* Planning and control
* “Stick to the plan”
External
* External “pull”
* Focus on others and anticipate
* Comfortable with ambiguity
* Respond to the environment
* Trouble shooting
* Options and scenarios
* “Go with the flow”
Sequential vs.
Synchronous Time
Time is exact; Sequenital
* Punctuality is important;
* Deadlines are strictly enforced;
* The present moment counts.”
* Time as a commodity
* Used to bring order, and set limits
* People do one thing at a time
* Time is limited; Time is a resource that needs to be efficiently used
* Logic, efficiency and speed are the focus of business
Time is relative / synchronous
* “Time is relative; If you’re important, the world will wait for you; Deadlines are “flexible”
* Take the past and the future into account.”
* Time is a concept
* Times are guidelines/ intentions
* People do multiple things at a time
* Time is relative
* Time is cyclical. What has been will be again, in due time
Time Orientation:
The Importance of Past, Present, or Future
where is our orientation?
Management Dichotomies
Sequential vs Synchronous
A Framework for Cross-cultural Competence Development
Cultural knowledge:
unterstand a particular culutre
General knowledge:
alow you to move between cultures
Intercultural Effectiveness
* Job performance & work adjustment
* Personal adjustment
* Interpersonal relationships
Global mindset framework
highly complex cognitive structure characterized by an openness to and articulation of multiple cultural and strategic realities on both global and local levels, and the cognitive ability to mediate and integrate across this multiplicity
(1) an openness to and awareness of multiple spheres of meaning and action;
(2) complex representation and articulation of cultural and strategic dynamics;
(3) mediation and integration of ideals and actions
oriented both to the global and the local.
-> cognitive structures shape attention patterns by directing attention toward certain aspects of the environment while ‘blocking’ others, l influence decsion making patterns and therby exerting significant influence on strategic capabilites
-> Cosmopolitanism brings an open, non-judgmental stance to the perception of information, thus enabling
individuals to be open to and acquire information
from a variety of sources and arenas without regard
to its national or cultural origin
-> cognitve complexity enables individuals to pereive and finely articulate more information elements to integrate them into more complex schemas, at the intepretation stage cognitive structure affect the process of “sense making”
-> global mindset also entails high levels of information-processing demands, which could either overwhelm decision-makers or slow down decision-making to unacceptable levels in the face of rapid environmental change
-> higher levels of global mindset among key decision-makers will have a positive impact on a firm’s effectiveness, but only when it is accompanied by support structures and processes within the firm, such as modular networks, communities of practice, distributed management and centers of excellence
