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PSYC 330 > Week 10-12 > Flashcards

Week 10-12 Flashcards

1
Q

The reticular activating system is located at the _____ and is associated with _____

A
  • Brainstem

- Arousal

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2
Q

The superior colliculus is associated with _____ and _____

A
  • Eye movements

- Attention shifting

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3
Q

The pulvinar is part of the _____ and is associated with _____

A
  • Thalamus

- Attentional engagement

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4
Q

The anterior cingulate cortex is active during _____

A

Stroop tasks

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5
Q

What is the executive control area for attentional processing?

A

The frontal cortex

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6
Q

What are attention’s critical brain areas?

A
  • Reticular activating system
  • Superior colliculus
  • Pulvinar (thalamus)
  • Anterior cingulate cortex
  • Parietal cortex
  • Frontal cortex
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7
Q

What neurotransmitters are associated with attention?

A
  • Dopamine: alerting when focused
  • Norepinephrine: alerting when focused
  • Serotonin: alerting when unfocused
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8
Q

What is the evolutionary “older part” of the brain and what makes it different??

A
  • The subcortex

- Processing is more involuntary/reflexive

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9
Q

What is inhibition of return?

A

If a cue is presented in one location and then another, it takes longer to detect a target presented at the first cue location than elsewhere

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10
Q

What is a potential explanation of inhibition of return?

A

The brain marks place we’ve already looked for a cue at

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11
Q

The _____ may play a role in inhibition of return

A

Superior colliculus

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12
Q

Progressive supranuclear palsy affects _____, which causes ______

A
  • The superior colliculus

- early stages: vertical eye movement/attention shifts affected first -> less IOR

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13
Q

What type of deficiency can inhibit IOR?

A

Thiamine

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14
Q

The thalamus is the gateway between ____ and ____

A
  • the subcortex

- the cortex

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15
Q

A stimulus is contralateral if ______

A

It appears on the opposite side of its associated brain region

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16
Q

TPJ lesion patients see more disruption from ___ cues, while subcortical damage patients see more disruption from _____ cues

A
  • Direct

- Symbolic

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17
Q

Subcortical mechanisms mediate _____ attention, while cortical mechanisms mediate _____ attention

A
  • stimulus-driven (involuntary)

- goal-driven (voluntary)

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18
Q

The superior parietal lobule is associated with ____

A

Task switching

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19
Q

What is a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task?

A

Participants monitor a rapid stream of stimuli until they see a target, after which they perform a task (eg task switch)

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20
Q

What is a typical rapid serial auditory presentation task?

A

Participants hear a rapid auditory stream of stimuli and told to monitor only the one that sounds like it’s coming from the centre for a target

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21
Q

What are the three attentional networks, and which one do we know the most about?

A
  • Alerting, orienting, executive

- Orienting

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22
Q

Who proposed the first orienting network, and what was it called?

A
  • Maurizio Corbetta

- Frontoparietal orienting network

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23
Q

How does the dorsal orienting network work?

A

Stimuli go to the contralateral part of the FTF, then signals go to the IPS, then to visual/auditory/somatosensory areas

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24
Q

What is the ventral orienting network, and which hemisphere does it occur in?

A
  • The TPJ gets input from both the VPC and sensory areas, and can interrupt signals of the dorsal network through the IPS
  • Right
25
Q

_____ and _____ are better than _____ and ______ at all attention tasks except for ______

A
  • 10-year olds and young adults
  • 5-year-olds and elderly adults
  • Visual search with a pop-out target and attention shifting
26
Q

All age groups experience _____

A

Inhibition of return

27
Q

What is the last-in/first-out principle?

A
  • Stimulus-driven (sensory-based) attentional processes are the first to develop and the last to deteriorate
  • Goal-driven (cognitive) attentional processes are the last to develop and the first to deteriorate
28
Q

Executive attentional deficits are associated with _____

A
  • Frontal cortical dysfunction

- Accidents/injuries

29
Q

Spatial attentional deficits are associated with _______ and are primarily caused by ______

A
  • Parietal cortical dysfunction

- Strokes

30
Q

Concussions are ____ traumatic brain injuries and make up _____ of brain injuries

A
  • mild

- 85%

31
Q

What are the early signs of a concussion?

A
  • Headache
  • Confusion/disorientation
  • amnesia
  • nausea/vomiting
  • motor problems/incoordination
32
Q

What part of the axon can get damaged with a concussion?

A

Microtubules, myelin, ion channels (ion channelopathy)

33
Q

Concussion can be associated with damage to ______

A

White matter

34
Q

What is the best brain imaging method to perform after a person has a concussion?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging

35
Q

Other than neurons, what can be damaged from a concussion?

A
  • Glial cells
  • Vasculature
  • Blood-brain barrier
36
Q

Brain activity immediately after a concussion is ______ and is ______ after

A
  • Lower than normal

- Higher than normal

37
Q

When is chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

A

A progressive neurodegenerative brain disease caused by repetitive head trauma

38
Q

What might cause ADD?

A
  • Suppressed frontal lobe activity
  • Disruption of attentional filtering by thalamus
  • Disruption of right hemisphere function
  • Underproduction of certain neurotransmitters
39
Q

What is anopia?

A

A lack of vision

40
Q

What is hemianopia?

A

A lack of vision in one side of the visual field

41
Q

What is blindsight?

A

A person is not aware of objects in one side of the visual field

42
Q

Blindsight is a(n) _____ deficit

A

Sensory

43
Q

People with blindsight can tell when an object in their blind field are ____

A

Moving

44
Q

The older visual pathway comes from the _____ and goes from the eyes to the _____

A
  • Rods

- Brainstem

45
Q

People with blindsight have damage to the ____ visual pathway

A

Newer

46
Q

Spatial-neglect hemianopia is a(n) _____ deficit

A

attentional

47
Q

What is the term for when a person is not aware of one side of their visual field at all?

A

anosognosia

48
Q

People with ____ make compensatory head movements, while those with ____ do not

A
  • Blindsight

- Neglect

49
Q

Neglect is usually caused by ____

A

Stroke

50
Q

An ischemic stroke is caused by _____

A

Plaque breaking off and blood clotting in a narrowed brain artery

51
Q

Neglect is caused by stroke damage to the ____

A

Parietal cortex

52
Q

What is somatoparaphrenia?

A

Spatial neglect on the left side of their body

53
Q

What is extinction?

A

When a person is only aware of one side of their visual field if there is nothing in the other side

54
Q

Why does neglect occur?

A
  • right hemisphere, which has been lesioned, has dominance over attentional control
  • dynamic hemisphere imbalance (dominance goes to left hemisphere)
55
Q

_____ releives spatial neglect temporarily

A

Caloric stimulation (ice-cold water in left ear)

56
Q

___ can influence neglect

A

TMS on left hemisphere

57
Q

What is simultagnosia?

A

A person can recognize a single object but not multiple at the same time

58
Q

Attentional dyslexia is a result of _____

A

Stroke damage to the left hemisphere

59
Q

What is attentional dyslexia?

A

When a person can read words but not single letters within the word

PSYC 330 (8 decks)

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