week 10

Question 1

functions of aggression

Answer 1

• protective
• parental
• competitive

Question 2

agonistic behaviour

Answer 2

range of aggressive behaviours

Question 3

resource holding power/potential (RHP) Parker (1974)

Answer 3

• the ability of an animal to win an all-out fight if one were to take place
  evidence for assessment of RHP - mantis shrimp

Question 4

intention signals

Answer 4

some displays signal probability of attack and therefore infect the likelihood that competitor will flee.

Question 5

external causal factors

Answer 5

1. RHP of competitor - stable attribute of individual
2. intention signals from competitor - fluctuating motivational state
3. value of resource (spiders will fight harder and longer for larger females

Question 6

internal causal factors

Answer 6

testosterone

other hormones are also involved and past experiences and genes are also important

Question 7

testosterone evidence

Answer 7

• no difference between those who fought a lot in prison and those who didn’t but violent criminals had higher testosterone
• not related consistently with aggression
• doses of T increased punitive behaviour in experiment
• overall, T correlated with dominant or aggressive behaviour and antisocial norm breaking
• T rises in the face of a challenge

Question 8

motives for homicide

Answer 8

Three classes of homicide:
- same sex killings outside the family 
- spousal homicide 
- infanticide 
Martin Daly & Margo Wilson (1980's & 1990's) explained risk variables and motives for the first time

Question 9

evolutionary view of homicide

Answer 9

• extreme manifestation of aggression. adapted in early humans
• may be maladaptive in present societies but older psychological tendencies persist

Question 10

1. same sex non-relative killings

Answer 10

sexual selection (Darwin)
- Male parental investment less than female
- therefore optimal number of offspring greater for males
- therefore optimal number of of mates greater for males
- with 1:1 sex ratio, this makes male-male competition for mates inevitable
-male-male competition (in the extreme) expressed as homicide which predicts that same sex non-relative killings higher in males than females
Examples:
- direct: competition - opposite sex as resource
-indirect: faces-saving and status disputes - women desire high status men
- in 20 studies male-male homicides exceed female-female homicides by about 30 fold

Question 11

2. spousal homicide

Answer 11

• men may use threats and violence coercively to maintain a failing sexual relationship
• separation will motivate anger and jealousy if another man involved
  predict: homicide greater in separated couples
• fear of leaving abusive husband ma be well-placed
• is separation a cause or effect of violence? - homicidal husband often threatened violence if wife left and blame murder on the wife’s departure
• seems separation does increase homicide risk

Question 12

3. infanticide and child abuse

Answer 12

-parental affection elicited by contact with infant
- stepchildren at greater risk than biological children (different motives for killing stepchildren and biological children
stepfathers: beating
- death follows prolonged period of assault and may be accidental or single outburst of rage, motive - antipathy to victim
biological fathers: suffocation etc
- death quicker and more painless, planned rather than spontaneous, accompanied by suicide or uxoricide. Motive 0 less antipathy more often ‘rescue’ of loved ones

Question 13

expression of love

Answer 13

• love expressed verbally and materially
• physical affection
• sexual intimacy
• mutual admiration expressed verbally

Question 14

Support for lover

Answer 14

• mutual self-disclosure
• emotional suport
• accepting demands and tolerating shortcomings
• creating time to be along together

Question 15

sternbergs theory of love

Answer 15

three components of love: intimacy, passion and decision/commitment creates 8 types love

Question 16

fishers theory of love

Answer 16

• lust
• attraction
• attachment