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Intro to Social Theory 2019 > Week 1 to 4 All the ISM's > Flashcards

Week 1 to 4 All the ISM's Flashcards

Study for exam

1
Q

How did Thomas S Becker define deviance?

A

Social Construct

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2
Q

Four types of poverty?

A
  • Transitional (Lost job, opportunity for work)
  • Marginal (employed, then experience a period of poverty)
  • Absolute (starving, homeless)
  • Relative (poorer than others)
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3
Q

What is economic system?

A

Financial system for country or company

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4
Q

What is the biomedical model?

A

Physical medical intervention

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5
Q

How would a conflict theorist define stratification?

A

Hierarchy

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6
Q

Nolan chart uses terms ‘left’ and ‘right’ .Traditionally this means

A
  • Left = Liberal, progressive (Middle to lower class)

- Right = Conservative, government (Dominant class - power)

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7
Q

Functionalist define aging?

A

Age change roles

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8
Q

Functionalist explains roles of gender in society?

A

Works for society

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9
Q

The arrangement or classification of something into different groups?

A

Stratification

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10
Q

Is euthanasia or assisted suicide legal in Australia?

A
  • Yes
  • 2017
  • Victoria
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11
Q

Is there a link between class and crime?

A
  • Yes
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12
Q

What did financialisation cause in 2008?

A
  • Global economic crisis
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13
Q

McDonaldisation features? (x4)

A
  1. Efficiency
  2. Predictability
  3. Calculability
  4. Control
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14
Q

Conflict theorist say racism is?

A

One dominates and oppresses another

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15
Q

Thomas Szas’s views of mental illness?

A

Social construct (Mental illness is not a disease at all

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16
Q

Purpose of transnational corporations?

A

Maximising wealth (Making money from money)

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17
Q

Teacher expectancy effect?

A

Giving attention to smart children

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18
Q

4 main major systems of Social Stratification?

A
  • Slavery
  • Caste System: status determined by birth
  • Estate: system of nobility, clergy and peasants
  • Class: social division in capitalist societies
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19
Q

McDonalisation?

A

Global spread of principles

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20
Q

Functionalism

A
  • Defines society as a system of interrelated parts
  • Class system (Social class) because we are different
  • Intended and unintended consequence
  • (Macro)
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21
Q

Conflict Theory

A
  • Views society as an unequal system that brings about conflict and change.
  • Battle of scarce resources, inequality and wealth and power.
    (Macro)
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22
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A
  • How individuals interact with other people in everyday lives.
  • How the use of symbols influence how people communicate
    (Micro)
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23
Q 
Emile Durkheim?
French intellectual (1858-1917)
A

Funtionalist

  • Solidarity
  • Collective consciousness
  • Mechanical solidarity
  • Organic solidarity
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24
Q

Karl Marx?
German Theorist, social activist & writer
(1818-1883)

A

Conflict Theorist

  • Critique of Capitalist system
  • Material conditions of production
  • Bourgeoise (rich-power) vs. Proletariat (working people)
  • False consciousness TO Class consciousness
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25
Q

Erving Goffman
Canadian sociologist
(1922-1982)

A 
Symbolic Interventionism
- Dramaturgy, theory of interaction where all life is acting
- Symbols continually change
Meanings in different cultures
- Changes over time
- Impression management
(Micro)
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26
Q

Functionalism crosses over with?

A

Conflict Theory

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27
Q

Conflict Theory crosses over with?

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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28
Q

Anthony Giddens
Brittish Sociologist
(1938-)

A

Theory of Structuration

  • Structure and agency as two sides of one coin
  • Recreate society.
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29
Q

C. Wright Mills
American Sociologist
Coined what term?

A

Sociological Imagination

  • Need imagination (observe and make change)
  • Sociology should not be political and moral endeavor
  • Individual problems are public issues
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30
Q

Nolan Chart - X axis?(across)

A

How much should government have over the economy? (left lots, right little)

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31
Q

Nolan Chart - Y axis?(up and down)

A

How much should government have over citizens’ personal affairs? (top lots, bottom little)

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32
Q

Nolan Chart - Right?

A

Free market (private ownersip, economic freedom, neo-libralism)

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33
Q

Nolan Chart - Left?

A

State control of economy (regulations, welfare state, socialism, communism)

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34
Q

Nolan Chart - Authoritarian?

A

State control of morality (moral law, Sharia law, facism)

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35
Q

Nolan Chart - Libertarian?

A

Personal freedoms (Human rights, personal liberty, libertarianism, anarchy)

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36
Q

Upper/Ruling/Elite Class

A

Very small in number and holds significant wealth (power through money)

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37
Q

Middle class

A
  • Upper middle class: Social class consist of high-income and well educated but not part of the elite
  • Lower middle class: Moderate income, 60% Aus. expendable income
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38
Q

Working and Underclass

A
  • Working class: People with high school certificates and lower level education
  • Living in disadvantaged neighborhoods characterised by
    1. lack of individuals in high school status occupation
    2. male unemployment
    3. family disruption
    4. poverty
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39
Q

Social class effects?

A
  • Education
  • Family
  • Neighborhoods
  • Health
  • Work/Employment
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40
Q 
Social Mobility (x6)
H, V, I, I, S, E
A
  • Horizontal Mobility: remain in your class
  • Vertical Mobility (You stay within your same class)
  • Intragenerational Mobility: (Move class in your own generation)
  • Intergenerational Mobility: (Move class between generations)
  • Structural Mobility (entire areas move class i.e. mining)
  • Exchange Mobility: (stability in class, I go up in class, another will go down)
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41
Q

Weber’s account of class and social stratification (x4 economic classes) Uses all 3 paradigms

A
  1. The propertied class (Bourgeois, Rich)
  2. The intelligentsia (Administrative and Managerial classes)
  3. The traditional petty bourgeoisie) small business owner
  4. Working class
42
Q

Social Stratification is maintained?

A
  • Neo-colonialism: political rule of less industrialised countries by the most industrialised
  • Trans-National Corporations (TNC) TNCs in disadvantaged (their dependence) countries
  • Economic rationalism or neo-liberalism: Free market arenas that best enable individual autonomy and economic efficient outcomes (not true)
43
Q

Race

A

Biological

44
Q

Double consciousness

A

Constance awareness of 2 sorts of cultures you are living within. Speaking one language and culture of family and friend. Then aware of a different culture in wider society

45
Q

Socially constructed divisions of people based on certain physical or biological characteristics (skin colour)

A

Race

46
Q

More complex than race and usually involves grouping people who share a common cultural, linguistic or ancestral heritage (language religion, geography)

A

Ethnicity

47
Q

Dominant

A
  • Having power to influence over others - Almost always the

- Group remains invisible and unmarked category

48
Q

Racism

3 unchallenged assumptions

A
  1. Races exist (Each race separately evolved vs. Out of Africa Theory [the correct one])
  2. Each race has distinct genetic differences
  3. Racial inequity is due to those differences - it’s not, it’s historical and sociological)
49
Q

Types of Racism (x5)

A
  1. Institutional racism: Recognises the racist beliefs can be built into social institutions
  2. Social Darwinism: Attempted to ground racist beliefs into scientific thinking
  3. Eugenics: Social movement which sought to produce practice interventions to improve genetic composition of human populations
  4. Genocide: The attempt to destroy or exterminate a people based on race/ethnicity
  5. Ethnic cleansing: Persecution through imprisonment, expulsion or murder of a ethnic minority by a majority to achieve homogeneity in majority-controlled territories
50
Q

New Racism

I’m not racist but…

A
  • Idea of practicing racism based on arguments/notions of cultural rather than biological differences
  • Denies old fashioned racism as seemingly rational and neutral discourses
    i. e. Asylum seekers and September 11
51
Q

Causes of racial and ethnic tension

A
  • Conquest
    (when groups use its superior military strength to dominate)
  • Annexation
    (incorporation of one territory into another - Hawaii and Australia)
52
Q

Causes of racial and ethnic tension - IMMIGRATION

A
  • Voluntary immigration (Willing movement of people from one society to another)
  • Involuntary immigration: Forces movement of people from one society to another (climate change creates refugees)
  • Superordination: Regardless of immigration cause, some predictable patterns appear when people come into contact with unfamiliar groups
53
Q

Ethnocentrism (Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism)

A

When a person uses their own culture to judge another

54
Q

Xenophobia (Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism)

A

Fear and hostility towards people who are from other countries or cultures

55
Q

Xenocentrism (Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism)

A

When we perceive other groups or societies as superior to our own

56
Q

Cultural relativism (Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism)

A

A deliberate effort to appreciate a groups way of life in its own context without prejudice

57
Q

Minorities

A

When minority groups face superordination

58
Q

Types of Minorities

A
  • Pluralistic minorities (retain own culture and take on new)
  • Assimilation (Remove own and take on new culture)
  • Secessional minorities (our laws, our rules)
  • Militant minorities (ISIS)
  • Ethnic enclaves (Asians in Sunnybank)
59
Q

Prejudice

Prejudice vs. Discrimination

A

Negative attitudes about an entire category of people

60
Q

Discrimination

Prejudice vs. Discrimination

A

Unfair treatment of people base on prejudice

61
Q

Stereotypes

Prejudice vs. Discrimination

A

Simplified perceptions people have of an entire group, usually based on false assumptions

62
Q 
Positive stereotypes
(Prejudice vs. Discrimination)
A

Can be damaging as damaging negative stereotypes

63
Q

Attitudes

Prejudice vs. Discrimination

A

If left unchecked, may lead to discrimination: unfair treatment of people based on prejudice

64
Q

Contemporary racial stratification in Australia

A

People discriminated against are often separated from the dominant group (housing, workplace, social settings) Segregation

65
Q

Why is racism important?

A

It affect to access resources (education, health care and housing)

66
Q

Sex

A

Strictly the biological makeup (male or female)

67
Q

Gender

A

Personal traits and position in society connecting with being male or female

68
Q

Socialisation

Sex vs. Gender

A

Programs children to understand what behaviors are gender appropriate

69
Q

Gender Identity

Sex vs. Gender

A

The concept of self, male or female

70
Q

Concept of men dominating society, a social system in with the father serves as the head of the family and men have autority over women and children
(Sex vs. Gender)

A

Patriarchy

71
Q

Social system in which women are the true authority

Sex vs. Gender

A

Matriarchy

72
Q

The belief that one sex is superior to the other

Sex vs. Gender

A

Sexism

73
Q

Society’s expectations of how males and females should act and think
(Sex vs. Gender)

A

Gender roles

74
Q

Media sexualisation of young girls

Sex vs. Gender

A

Lolita Effect

75
Q

The various types of masulinities and Femaninities

Sex vs. Gender

A

Arranged around dominance of men over women

76
Q

Hegemonic male

Sex vs. Gender

A

Heterosexual male (marriage, authority, strength) top of hierarchy

77
Q

All forms of femaninities are formed in subordination to hegemonic masculinity
(Sex vs. Gender)

A

However, emphasized femininity compliments hegemonic masculinity

78
Q

Gender stratification

Sex vs. Gender

A
  • Barriers tend to favor men

- Glass ceiling (barriers for women in the workplace)

79
Q

Education: almost 1 billion adults in the world cannot read

Gender discrimination

A

Two-thirds are women

80
Q

Politics: Who lack access to national decision making

Gender discrimination

A

Women

81
Q

Pay

Gender discrimination

A

Women average less pay than men ‘Sextyping’ of work, ‘glass ceiling’ and ‘glass escalator’

82
Q

Health

Gender discrimination

A
  • Access to health

- Male dominance in medical profession

83
Q

Violence against women

Gender discrimination

A
  • Sexual harassment
  • Rape
  • Domestic violence
  • Female infanticide
  • Forced prostitution
  • Honour killings
  • Female genital mutilation
84
Q

Feminist adopted 4 beliefs?

Feminism

A
  1. Increasing equality in work and education
  2. Expanding human choice for outcomes
  3. Eliminating gender stratification
  4. Ending sexual violence
85
Q

First wave of Feminism

Feminism

A

Right to vote - autonomy, sign contracts, leave marriage etc. (Late 19th century early 20th century - Sufferagets)

86
Q 
New Zealand (followed by Australia) were one of the first countries to grant women rights to votes
(Feminism)
A
  • Yes

- 1902

87
Q

Second wave of Feminism

Feminism

A 
Women's liberation movement in 1960's
Equality in...
- Workplace
- Education
- Social independence from men
Protection from domestic and sexual violence
88
Q

Third wave Femanism

Feminism

A 
Included multiple racial and socioeconomic groups (1990's)
Increased focus on...
- Rape
- Domestic violence
- Female empowerment
- Sexual freedom
89
Q

Feminisms…

Feminism

A
  • Conservative
  • Liberal
  • Radical
  • Black
  • Lesbian
  • Third and fourth world
90
Q

Liberal feminism

Feminism

A

Focus on equality and working within institutions to gain equality (vote, equal protection under law)

91
Q

Radical feminism

Feminism

A

Emphasizes the need for dramatic social change in order to achieve genuine equality for women (overthrow of capitalism, avoiding traditional activities

92
Q

Second shift

Feminism

A

Feminism has created additional burdens of women (paid employment, and still complete home duties)

93
Q

Age

Ageism and Aging

A

A social and cultural category that can shape the way people live, experienced of age constraints (age cohorts)

94
Q

Youth is just a word. Age is manipulated and manipulable

Ageism and Aging

A

Pierre Bourdieu

95
Q

Erik Erikson 8 psychological and social stages

Ageism and Aging

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1yr)
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (2-3yr)
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5yr)
  4. Industry and Inferiority (6yr-puberty)
  5. Identity vs. Role confusion (teen-20’s)
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20’s-40’s)
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40’s-60’s)
  8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late 60’s-early 80’s)
96
Q

Different experiences of the world, politics, technology and media
(Ageism and Aging)

A

Leads to so-called generational gaps

97
Q

Gerontology

Ageism and Aging

A

The study of aging

98
Q

2 major cohorts of the elderly

Ageism and Aging

A
  1. Young old (65-75)

2. Old old (75 and over)

99
Q

Aging population in growth or decline?

Ageism and Aging

A

Growth

100
Q

Stratification based on ideas of what is appropriate for certain ages
(Ageism and Aging)

A

Age structuring

101
Q

Prejudice and discrimination based on one’s age (elderly)

Ageism and Aging

A

Ageism

102
Q

Term referring to any knowing, international, or negligent act by care-giver or person that causes serious harm to vulnerable adults
(Ageism and Aging)

A

Elder abuse

Intro to Social Theory 2019 (5 decks)

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