Week 1 to 4 All the ISM's Flashcards
Study for exam
How did Thomas S Becker define deviance?
Social Construct
Four types of poverty?
- Transitional (Lost job, opportunity for work)
- Marginal (employed, then experience a period of poverty)
- Absolute (starving, homeless)
- Relative (poorer than others)
What is economic system?
Financial system for country or company
What is the biomedical model?
Physical medical intervention
How would a conflict theorist define stratification?
Hierarchy
Nolan chart uses terms ‘left’ and ‘right’ .Traditionally this means
- Left = Liberal, progressive (Middle to lower class)
- Right = Conservative, government (Dominant class - power)
Functionalist define aging?
Age change roles
Functionalist explains roles of gender in society?
Works for society
The arrangement or classification of something into different groups?
Stratification
Is euthanasia or assisted suicide legal in Australia?
- Yes
- 2017
- Victoria
Is there a link between class and crime?
- Yes
What did financialisation cause in 2008?
- Global economic crisis
McDonaldisation features? (x4)
- Efficiency
- Predictability
- Calculability
- Control
Conflict theorist say racism is?
One dominates and oppresses another
Thomas Szas’s views of mental illness?
Social construct (Mental illness is not a disease at all
Purpose of transnational corporations?
Maximising wealth (Making money from money)
Teacher expectancy effect?
Giving attention to smart children
4 main major systems of Social Stratification?
- Slavery
- Caste System: status determined by birth
- Estate: system of nobility, clergy and peasants
- Class: social division in capitalist societies
McDonalisation?
Global spread of principles
Functionalism
- Defines society as a system of interrelated parts
- Class system (Social class) because we are different
- Intended and unintended consequence
- (Macro)
Conflict Theory
- Views society as an unequal system that brings about conflict and change.
- Battle of scarce resources, inequality and wealth and power.
(Macro)
Symbolic Interactionism
- How individuals interact with other people in everyday lives.
- How the use of symbols influence how people communicate
(Micro)
Emile Durkheim? French intellectual (1858-1917)
Funtionalist
- Solidarity
- Collective consciousness
- Mechanical solidarity
- Organic solidarity
Karl Marx?
German Theorist, social activist & writer
(1818-1883)
Conflict Theorist
- Critique of Capitalist system
- Material conditions of production
- Bourgeoise (rich-power) vs. Proletariat (working people)
- False consciousness TO Class consciousness
Erving Goffman
Canadian sociologist
(1922-1982)
Symbolic Interventionism - Dramaturgy, theory of interaction where all life is acting - Symbols continually change Meanings in different cultures - Changes over time - Impression management (Micro)
Functionalism crosses over with?
Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory crosses over with?
Symbolic Interactionism
Anthony Giddens
Brittish Sociologist
(1938-)
Theory of Structuration
- Structure and agency as two sides of one coin
- Recreate society.
C. Wright Mills
American Sociologist
Coined what term?
Sociological Imagination
- Need imagination (observe and make change)
- Sociology should not be political and moral endeavor
- Individual problems are public issues
Nolan Chart - X axis?(across)
How much should government have over the economy? (left lots, right little)
Nolan Chart - Y axis?(up and down)
How much should government have over citizens’ personal affairs? (top lots, bottom little)
Nolan Chart - Right?
Free market (private ownersip, economic freedom, neo-libralism)
Nolan Chart - Left?
State control of economy (regulations, welfare state, socialism, communism)
Nolan Chart - Authoritarian?
State control of morality (moral law, Sharia law, facism)
Nolan Chart - Libertarian?
Personal freedoms (Human rights, personal liberty, libertarianism, anarchy)
Upper/Ruling/Elite Class
Very small in number and holds significant wealth (power through money)
Middle class
- Upper middle class: Social class consist of high-income and well educated but not part of the elite
- Lower middle class: Moderate income, 60% Aus. expendable income
Working and Underclass
- Working class: People with high school certificates and lower level education
- Living in disadvantaged neighborhoods characterised by
1. lack of individuals in high school status occupation
2. male unemployment
3. family disruption
4. poverty
Social class effects?
- Education
- Family
- Neighborhoods
- Health
- Work/Employment
Social Mobility (x6) H, V, I, I, S, E
- Horizontal Mobility: remain in your class
- Vertical Mobility (You stay within your same class)
- Intragenerational Mobility: (Move class in your own generation)
- Intergenerational Mobility: (Move class between generations)
- Structural Mobility (entire areas move class i.e. mining)
- Exchange Mobility: (stability in class, I go up in class, another will go down)
Weber’s account of class and social stratification (x4 economic classes) Uses all 3 paradigms
- The propertied class (Bourgeois, Rich)
- The intelligentsia (Administrative and Managerial classes)
- The traditional petty bourgeoisie) small business owner
- Working class
Social Stratification is maintained?
- Neo-colonialism: political rule of less industrialised countries by the most industrialised
- Trans-National Corporations (TNC) TNCs in disadvantaged (their dependence) countries
- Economic rationalism or neo-liberalism: Free market arenas that best enable individual autonomy and economic efficient outcomes (not true)
Race
Biological
Double consciousness
Constance awareness of 2 sorts of cultures you are living within. Speaking one language and culture of family and friend. Then aware of a different culture in wider society
Socially constructed divisions of people based on certain physical or biological characteristics (skin colour)
Race
More complex than race and usually involves grouping people who share a common cultural, linguistic or ancestral heritage (language religion, geography)
Ethnicity
Dominant
- Having power to influence over others - Almost always the
- Group remains invisible and unmarked category
Racism
3 unchallenged assumptions
- Races exist (Each race separately evolved vs. Out of Africa Theory [the correct one])
- Each race has distinct genetic differences
- Racial inequity is due to those differences - it’s not, it’s historical and sociological)
Types of Racism (x5)
- Institutional racism: Recognises the racist beliefs can be built into social institutions
- Social Darwinism: Attempted to ground racist beliefs into scientific thinking
- Eugenics: Social movement which sought to produce practice interventions to improve genetic composition of human populations
- Genocide: The attempt to destroy or exterminate a people based on race/ethnicity
- Ethnic cleansing: Persecution through imprisonment, expulsion or murder of a ethnic minority by a majority to achieve homogeneity in majority-controlled territories
New Racism
I’m not racist but…
- Idea of practicing racism based on arguments/notions of cultural rather than biological differences
- Denies old fashioned racism as seemingly rational and neutral discourses
i. e. Asylum seekers and September 11
Causes of racial and ethnic tension
- Conquest
(when groups use its superior military strength to dominate) - Annexation
(incorporation of one territory into another - Hawaii and Australia)
Causes of racial and ethnic tension - IMMIGRATION
- Voluntary immigration (Willing movement of people from one society to another)
- Involuntary immigration: Forces movement of people from one society to another (climate change creates refugees)
- Superordination: Regardless of immigration cause, some predictable patterns appear when people come into contact with unfamiliar groups
Ethnocentrism (Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism)
When a person uses their own culture to judge another
Xenophobia (Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism)
Fear and hostility towards people who are from other countries or cultures
Xenocentrism (Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism)
When we perceive other groups or societies as superior to our own
Cultural relativism (Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism)
A deliberate effort to appreciate a groups way of life in its own context without prejudice
Minorities
When minority groups face superordination
Types of Minorities
- Pluralistic minorities (retain own culture and take on new)
- Assimilation (Remove own and take on new culture)
- Secessional minorities (our laws, our rules)
- Militant minorities (ISIS)
- Ethnic enclaves (Asians in Sunnybank)
Prejudice
Prejudice vs. Discrimination
Negative attitudes about an entire category of people
Discrimination
Prejudice vs. Discrimination
Unfair treatment of people base on prejudice
Stereotypes
Prejudice vs. Discrimination
Simplified perceptions people have of an entire group, usually based on false assumptions
Positive stereotypes (Prejudice vs. Discrimination)
Can be damaging as damaging negative stereotypes
Attitudes
Prejudice vs. Discrimination
If left unchecked, may lead to discrimination: unfair treatment of people based on prejudice
Contemporary racial stratification in Australia
People discriminated against are often separated from the dominant group (housing, workplace, social settings) Segregation
Why is racism important?
It affect to access resources (education, health care and housing)
Sex
Strictly the biological makeup (male or female)
Gender
Personal traits and position in society connecting with being male or female
Socialisation
Sex vs. Gender
Programs children to understand what behaviors are gender appropriate
Gender Identity
Sex vs. Gender
The concept of self, male or female
Concept of men dominating society, a social system in with the father serves as the head of the family and men have autority over women and children
(Sex vs. Gender)
Patriarchy
Social system in which women are the true authority
Sex vs. Gender
Matriarchy
The belief that one sex is superior to the other
Sex vs. Gender
Sexism
Society’s expectations of how males and females should act and think
(Sex vs. Gender)
Gender roles
Media sexualisation of young girls
Sex vs. Gender
Lolita Effect
The various types of masulinities and Femaninities
Sex vs. Gender
Arranged around dominance of men over women
Hegemonic male
Sex vs. Gender
Heterosexual male (marriage, authority, strength) top of hierarchy
All forms of femaninities are formed in subordination to hegemonic masculinity
(Sex vs. Gender)
However, emphasized femininity compliments hegemonic masculinity
Gender stratification
Sex vs. Gender
- Barriers tend to favor men
- Glass ceiling (barriers for women in the workplace)
Education: almost 1 billion adults in the world cannot read
Gender discrimination
Two-thirds are women
Politics: Who lack access to national decision making
Gender discrimination
Women
Pay
Gender discrimination
Women average less pay than men ‘Sextyping’ of work, ‘glass ceiling’ and ‘glass escalator’
Health
Gender discrimination
- Access to health
- Male dominance in medical profession
Violence against women
Gender discrimination
- Sexual harassment
- Rape
- Domestic violence
- Female infanticide
- Forced prostitution
- Honour killings
- Female genital mutilation
Feminist adopted 4 beliefs?
Feminism
- Increasing equality in work and education
- Expanding human choice for outcomes
- Eliminating gender stratification
- Ending sexual violence
First wave of Feminism
Feminism
Right to vote - autonomy, sign contracts, leave marriage etc. (Late 19th century early 20th century - Sufferagets)
New Zealand (followed by Australia) were one of the first countries to grant women rights to votes (Feminism)
- Yes
- 1902
Second wave of Feminism
Feminism
Women's liberation movement in 1960's Equality in... - Workplace - Education - Social independence from men Protection from domestic and sexual violence
Third wave Femanism
Feminism
Included multiple racial and socioeconomic groups (1990's) Increased focus on... - Rape - Domestic violence - Female empowerment - Sexual freedom
Feminisms…
Feminism
- Conservative
- Liberal
- Radical
- Black
- Lesbian
- Third and fourth world
Liberal feminism
Feminism
Focus on equality and working within institutions to gain equality (vote, equal protection under law)
Radical feminism
Feminism
Emphasizes the need for dramatic social change in order to achieve genuine equality for women (overthrow of capitalism, avoiding traditional activities
Second shift
Feminism
Feminism has created additional burdens of women (paid employment, and still complete home duties)
Age
Ageism and Aging
A social and cultural category that can shape the way people live, experienced of age constraints (age cohorts)
Youth is just a word. Age is manipulated and manipulable
Ageism and Aging
Pierre Bourdieu
Erik Erikson 8 psychological and social stages
Ageism and Aging
- Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1yr)
- Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (2-3yr)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5yr)
- Industry and Inferiority (6yr-puberty)
- Identity vs. Role confusion (teen-20’s)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (20’s-40’s)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (40’s-60’s)
- Integrity vs. Despair (Late 60’s-early 80’s)
Different experiences of the world, politics, technology and media
(Ageism and Aging)
Leads to so-called generational gaps
Gerontology
Ageism and Aging
The study of aging
2 major cohorts of the elderly
Ageism and Aging
- Young old (65-75)
2. Old old (75 and over)
Aging population in growth or decline?
Ageism and Aging
Growth
Stratification based on ideas of what is appropriate for certain ages
(Ageism and Aging)
Age structuring
Prejudice and discrimination based on one’s age (elderly)
Ageism and Aging
Ageism
Term referring to any knowing, international, or negligent act by care-giver or person that causes serious harm to vulnerable adults
(Ageism and Aging)
Elder abuse
