Intro to Social Theory Wk 5 to 6 Education, Employment, Health Crime and Deviance Flashcards
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Modern education 3 R’s
Education
- Reading
- Riting
- Rithmatic
5 myths
Education
- Individual (not family - its up to you)
- Nation as a group of individuals (Making Aus better)
- Progress (we need to get better and better)
- Socialisation and life cycle continuity
- State as the guardian of nation and culture
Overall design of an educational program (what should be focused on) individual subjects through the aims of educational program may achieve
(Education)
Curriculum
Social learning occurring in education but not part of official of the curriculum.
(Education)
Hidden curriculum
Hidden curriculum teaches
Education
- Social conventions
- Social hierarchy
- Obedience to authority
- Conformity to cultural norms
School teaches children
Education
- Truth comes from authority
- Intelligence is the ability to remember and repeat
- Accurate memory and repetition are rewarded
- Non-compliance is punished
- Conform: intellectually and socially
Home school occurs
Education
- Religious beliefs
2. Heightened sense of parental responsibility for education
Crisis in boys education
Education
Where academic success is seen as a feminine characteristic
Public or state schools
Education
Free or low cost
Private school
Education
Pay tuition
Catholic school
Education
Independent
Education assumption
Education
Higher quality, moral benefits, more intensive pupil supervision
William and Carpenter (1991) argue
Education
Parents who are willing and able to pay for private education are already advantaged
(paying more to learn better)
- Gender also matters
Emphasis on efficiency
(Education) -
More to achieve with fewer student ratios
Market orientation
Education
Competition in education where schools compete in market share. (retain students)
Greater state of control
Education
Standardised national testing and productivity (NAPLAN, less schools + funding)
Instrumentalism
Education
Use education system to produce economic benefits (focus on skill shortage, more vocational/skill based position)
Max Weber and formal Organisation
(Education) - Bureaucratisation and Cost
Characteristics of bureaucracy are division of labour, rules and regulations, impersonality, hierarchy of authority and technical qualifications
Cost of schooling affects
(Education) - Bureaucratisation and Cost
Education attainment
- Credentials are more cultural exclusionary and technical…
(Education) -
Motivations and credentialism
Degree thresholds become more important than training
- Credentials don’t directly equate to…
(Education) -
Motivations and credentialism
Substantive knowledge
Credentials act as…
(Education) -
Motivations and credentialism
Exclusionary, cultural entry barriers’ to jobs
Inflation of credentials drives to educational expansion…
(Education) -
Motivations and credentialism
leads to credential crisis that prompts state to further regulate the credential market
Will good education get you a job
Education
No guarantee
Teacher expectancy effect
Education
affects student performance (positive and negative)
Define health
Health
Absence of disease
Health is directly related to…
Health
- Functionality
- Life circumstances
- Socioeconomic circumstances
World health Organisation say health is
Health
State of complete physical, mental, social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or informity
Social Epidemology is…
Health
study of distribution of disease and health throughout a society’s population
Men are more than likely than women to…
(Health) and gender
Engage in higher levels of risk taking behaviour (hegemonic masculinity)
Mean and women have differences…
(Health) and gender
In their approach and desire for health care
Wealth is…
(Health) and social class
A strong predictor of health and longevity
The lower a persons social and economic situation
(Health) and social class
The worse his or her health will be (both men and women
Location affects health…
(Health) and neighborhoods
- Urban
- Regional
- Rural
People in higher socioeconomic areas have
(Health) and neighborhoods
Better health and higher levels of health literacy
Higher levels of obesity, overweight are found in lower socioeconomic area
(Health) and neighborhoods
Limited recreational activities and fewer opportunities for physical exercise (bikeways etc.)
Environmental Justice…
(Health) and neighborhoods
Poorer neighborhoods experience environmental pollution
People from poorer neighborhoods are more likely to…
(Health) and neighborhoods
Risky behaviour (illicit drugs, alcohol)
People from poorer neighborhoods are more likely to suffer from mental illness
(Health) and neighborhoods
Due to psychological distress due to fear of crime, lack of trust and feeling unsafe
No human group can exist…
Crime vs. Deviance
without norms
Norms bring about…
Crime vs. Deviance
Social order
Norms lay out basic guidelines for…
Crime vs. Deviance
how we should play our roles and interact with others
Formal and informal means of enforcing norms…
Crime vs. Deviance
Groups develop systems of social control
Define Crime
Crime vs. Deviance
Refers to breaking or violating laws
Define deviance
Crime vs. Deviance
Refers to rule or norm breaking behaviour
Not all criminal behaviour are deviant..
Crime vs. Deviance
Not all deviant behaviour is criminal
Deviance is…
Crime vs. Deviance
- Linked to time
- Linked to cultural values
- Cultural and universal
(society defines deviance, not individuals)
Sanctions
Crime vs. Deviance
Positive and negative (serve to reinforce norms)
Shaming types (x2) (Crime vs. Deviance)
- Stigmatised shame (permanent label) negative meaning to behaviour
- Reintergrative shaming (Brings offender back into community after punishment)
Aus legal system relies on
Aus Legal system
Deterrence
General deterrence
Aus Legal system
Ensures individuals won’t commit a crime because they see the negative consequences apply to others
Specific deterrence
Aus Legal system
occurs to individuals who have violated the law and already punished
Recidivism
Aus Legal system
Repetitious criminal activity (being being use to prison)
Alternatives to prison
Aus Legal system
- Restorative justice
- Reparation (contrast to tradition retributive aim of punishment)
- Dialogue between offender and victim in criminal justice process
Crime problem
Crime and media
- Law and order commonsense
- Soaring crime rates
- Soft on crime
Police Fetishism
Crime and media
Police are functional prerequisites to social order
Far removed from reality
Crime and media
CSI effect
Dark figure of crime
Crime and media
Statistics are not completely accurate (not all crimes are reported)
Street crimes
Crime and media
Publicly visible
- Assault
- Burglery
- Rape
Positivist
Deviance
Assumes that people are naturally good
The classical school
Deviance
Individuals make rational choices based on pleasure/pain calculations
Differential Association Theory
Edwin Sutherland
(Deviance and Social control)
Perspective emphasises that that criminal and deviant behaviour is learned (x9)
Containment Theory Walter Reckless
Deviance and Social control
Internal control and external forces
4 social bonds
Travis Hirschi
(Deviance and Social control)
- Attachment
- Commitment
- Involvement
- Belief
Relationships between power and Knowledge
Michael Foucault
(Deviance and Social control)
Shift between punishment and discipline and process of normalisation
Biomedicine views health or illness as
Health - Biomedical Model
Dysfunction that need fixing through treatment and cures to regain normal functioning
The biomedical approach to health and illness is concerned with…
(Health - Biomedical Model)
Intervention, rather than prevention, and locates disease within the individual
On of the main criticisms of the biomedical model is…
Health - Biomedical Model
It separates the mind and body as discrete units, presenting the body as a machine that is isolated from the influence of the mind.
Biomedical model fails to…
Health- Biomedical Model
Adopt a holistic approach to the human body which places the body in a wider social context
Ivan Llinch argues that medical professionals hold considerable influence in our society through…
(Health - Medicalisation of Society)
Their ability to define a wide array of social life as medical problems requiring “expert” intervention or medicalisation
Historically, science has assumed dominance on a parallel with religious doctrine in early periods…
(Health - Medicalisation of Society)
If science is the new religion, i’s priests are the medical profession, In monopolizing health and illness, the medical profession assumed important social control functions (ie. deviance)
Birth/Death Certificates
Health - Medicalisation of Society
Medicalisation
DMS
Health - Medicalisation of Society
Growing with diagnosis
Many marinal behaviours
Health - Medicalisation of Society
Are considered to be problematic
Homosexual behavior was deemed as deviant
Health - Medicalisation of Society
And was medicalised
Population is increasingly coming under the scrutiny of what is
(Health - Medicalisation of Society)
Clinical gaze
Health measures that society are required to undertake by the medical profession
(Health - Medicalisation of Society)
- Don’t smoke
- Eat healthy
- Exercise etc.
Medical profession occupies a powerful position to construct a picture of normalcy (health) and deviance
(Health - Medicalisation of Society)
- Rise in cosmetic surgery industry
_Suddenly ugly is a disease
Thomas Szazs
Health - Medicalisation of Society
Broadly suggests that mental illness is a false concept (Mental illness is a myth)
Social construct, many medical conditions
Social rather than biological conditions
(Health - Medicalisation of Society)
- Conditions may have environmental causes (ADHD - lacking space and toys for child to play with)
- Can be personality
- Boundaries of normal is subjective, rather than objective
The sick role
(Health - Medicalisation of Society) Functional
Patients and doctors work in a cooperative manner to ensure positive health outcomes
