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Intro to Social Theory 2019 > Exam Prep 2019 > Flashcards

Exam Prep 2019 Flashcards

Exam

1
Q

(T1)
Sociology
(Developing a Sociological Imagination)

A

Science guided by basic understanding social matters, lives are affected by our individual characteristics and our place in society

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2
Q

(T1)
Structuration
(Developing a Sociological Imagination)

A

Attempts to synthesize different sociological paradigms

Emile Durkeim

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3
Q

(T1)
Emile Durkeim
(Social Theorist)

A

Father of Functionalism

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4
Q

(T1)
Karl Marx
(Social Theorist)

A

Father of Conflict Theory

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5
Q

(T1)
Max Weber
(Social Theorist)

A

Brought paradigms together and looked at the prodestine work ethic

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6
Q

(T1)
George Herbert Mead
(Social Theorist)

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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7
Q

(T1)
C. Wright Mills
(Social Theorist)

A

Sociological Imagination

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8
Q

(T1)
Agency
(Important Terms)

A

Self-determination or free will. The power of individuals to act independently

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9
Q

(T1)
Structure
(Important Terms)

A

Any relatively enduring pattern of social arrangements within a particular society/group

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10
Q

(T1)
Mechanical solidarity
(Important Terms)

A

How cultures work together, how the values and beliefs, in their commonality, work towards individual cooperation

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11
Q

(T1)
Organic Solidarity
(Important Terms)

A

Dependence but not necessarily see or know each other. Based on division of labour and high independance

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12
Q

(T1)
Dramaturgy
(Important Terms)

A

Theory of interaction where all life is like acting

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13
Q

(T1)
Micro
(Important Terms)

A

Very specific relationships between individuals or small groups.

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14
Q

(T1)
Macro
(Important Terms)

A

Large-scale issues and large groups of people

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15
Q

(T1)
Impression Management
(Important Terms)

A

Practice in socialising

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16
Q

(T2)
Social Stratification
(The ‘isms’)

A
  • Slavery
  • Caste
  • Estate
  • Class
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17
Q

(T2)
Caste system
(The ‘isms’)

A
  • Bramen (Priests)
  • Kshatryia (Warriors, Kings)
  • Vaishya (Merchants, landowners
  • Sudra (Commoners, peasant, servants)
  • Untouchables (out-casts, street sweepers
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18
Q

(T2)
The class system
(The ‘isms’)

A
  • Upper
  • Middle
  • Lower
  • Under
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19
Q

(T2)
Residual poverty
(The ‘isms’)

A

Individual born poor stays poor.

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20
Q

(T2)
Absolute poverty
(The ‘isms’)

A

Starving and/or homeless

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21
Q

(T2)
Transitional poverty
(The ‘isms’)

A

Poverty in between jobs, but opportunity to get work

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22
Q

(T2)
Social Mobility
(The ‘isms’)

A

Ability to change social classes

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23
Q

(T2)
Vertical Mobility
(The ‘isms’)

A

Move between classes

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24
Q

(T2)
Horizontal Mobility
(The ‘isms’)

A

Move across class, but remain within your same class

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25
Q

(T2)
Intergenerational Mobility
(The ‘isms’)

A

Move class across generations

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26
Q

(T2)
Intragenerational Mobility
(The ‘isms’)

A

Move between classes within own generation

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27
Q

(T2)
Exchange Mobility
(The ‘isms’)

A

Stability in class - one promotion is another’s demotion

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28
Q

(T2)
Structural Mobility
(The ‘isms’)

A

Where an entire area move in class (Mining)

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29
Q

(T3)
Sick Role
(Relationships to health)

A

When you step out of society and have a medical certificate. Permission not to participate in society because you are in the sick role

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30
Q

(T2)
Bourgeoisie
(The ‘isms’)

A

People with a certain cultural and financial capital belonging

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31
Q

(T2)
Bureaucracy
(The ‘isms’)

A

Government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials.

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32
Q

(T3)
Recidivism
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Repeat offending after rehabilitation

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33
Q

(T2)
Capitalism
(The ‘isms’)

A
  • Economic and political system controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
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34
Q

(T2)
Nolan Chart Authoritarian
(The ‘isms’)

A

State of control/morality

  • Moral law
  • Sharia law
  • Totalitarianism
  • Neo-liberalism
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35
Q

(T2)
Nolan Chart Libertarian
(The ‘isms’)

A

Personal Freedoms

  • Human rights
  • Personal liberty
  • Libertarianism
  • Anarchy
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36
Q

(T2)
Nolan Chart Leftism
(The ‘isms’)

A
  • State of economy regulations
  • Welfare state
  • Socialism
  • Communism
  • Associated with lower (middle) classes
  • Progressive ideas
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37
Q

(T2)
Nolan Chart Rightism
(The ‘isms’)

A
  • Free market
  • Private ownership
  • Neoliberalism
  • Economy
  • Freedom
  • Unfettered capitalism
  • Mainly associated with dominant classes
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38
Q

(T2)
Nolan Charts measure of political spectrum
(The ‘isms’)

A
  • X axis How much control Gov have on economy (left = lots, right = little)
  • Y axis: How much control Gov have over citizens personal affairs (top = lots, bottom - little)
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39
Q

(T2)
Gender Roles
(The ‘isms’)

A

Society’s expectation of how males and females should act and think

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40
Q

(T2)
Matriarchy
(The ‘isms’)

A

System which women are the true authority

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41
Q

(T2)
Patriarchy
(The ‘isms’)

A

System which men are the true authority

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42
Q

(T2)
Glass Ceiling
(The ‘isms’)

A

Women average less pay and opportunities than men

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43
Q

(T2)
Lolita Effect
(The ‘isms’)

A

Medias sexualisatioin of young girls

  1. Girls don’t choose boy. Boys choose only sexy girls
  2. Only 1 kind of sexy slim, curvey, white beauty
  3. Girls should be that kind of sexy
  4. Younger the sexier the girl
  5. Sexual violence han be attractive
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44
Q

(T2)
FGM
(The ‘isms’)

A

Female Genital Mutilation.

- Female circumcision (Removal of some or external female genitalia)

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45
Q

(T2)
Waves of Feminism
(The ‘isms’)

A
  1. Right to Vote (Legal equality)
  2. Equality in workplace, education and social independence
  3. Multi racial and socioeconomic groups
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46
Q

(T2)
Germain Greer (Feminist)
(The ‘isms’)

A

Women in society are treated as nothing more than castrated men.

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47
Q

Functionalism

Paradigms

A

Everything in the social world exists because it has both an intended and unintended outcome

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48
Q

Conflict Theory

Paradigms

A

Inequality exists in the social world because of the differences between different groups’ wealth and power

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49
Q

(T2)
Socialisation
(The ‘isms’)

A

Group socialisation is the theory that an individual’s peer groups, rather than parental figures, influences his or her personality and behavior in adulthood.

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50
Q

(T2)
Out of Africa Theory
(The ‘isms’)

A

Everyone originated from Africa and moved away before evolution took place

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51
Q

(T2)
Majority Group
(The ‘isms’)

A

Largest in quantity and holds significant power and privilege (Dominant group)

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52
Q

(T2)
Minority Group
(The ‘isms’)

A

A smaller population in society and holds less power than the majority group

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53
Q

(T2)
Types of minorities
(The ‘isms’)

A
  • Militant (Black Panther, ISIS)
  • Assimilation (removal of old and replace with new culture)
  • Secessionist: Our laws and rules (Amish)
  • Ethnic enclave (Sunnybank-Asian)
  • Pluralistic (retain own and take on new)
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54
Q

(T2)
Institutional Racism
(The ‘isms’)

A

Racist beliefs built into Society

  • Apartheid
  • Boundary St
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55
Q

(T2)
Dominant Group
(The ‘isms’)

A

Group that has the greatest power, but not necessarily the greatest number

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56
Q

(T2)
Colonisation
(The ‘isms’)

A

The minority group ruling over a majority group due to difference in power

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57
Q

(T2)
Scapegoating
(The ‘isms’)

A

Unfairly accuse another group of people

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58
Q

(T2)
Annexation
(The ‘isms’)

A

The corporation of one territory into another. Ethnic and racial groups are forced to become members of a new society
(Hawaii and Australia)

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59
Q

(T2)
Radical Feminism
(The ‘isms’)

A

Dramatic change in order to achieve genuine equality for women (overthrow of capitalism, avoiding traditional activities)

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60
Q

(T2)
Liberal Feminism
(The ‘isms’)

A

Focus on equality and working within institutions to gain equality (right to vote, equal protection under the law)

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61
Q

(T2)
Age
(The ‘isms’)

A

Social and cultural category that can shape the way people live
- Can be described as a cohort

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62
Q

(T2)
Erikson - 8 stages
(The ‘isms’)

A
  1. Trust vs Mistrust (0-1yr)
  2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (2-3yr)
  3. Initiative vs Guilt (4-5yr)
  4. Industry vs Inferiority (6yr-puberty)
  5. Identity vs Role Confusion (Teen - 20yr)
  6. Intimacy vs Isolation (20s-40s)
  7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40s-60s)
  8. Integrity vs Despair (Late 60s -80s)
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63
Q

(T2)
Critics of Feminism
(The ‘isms’)

A
  1. Methods employed
  2. History and critics
  3. Modern applications
  4. References.
  5. External links
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64
Q

(T2)
Adulthood
(The ‘isms’)

A

The state or condition of being fully grown or mature.

65
Q

(T2)
Emerging Adulthood
(The ‘isms’)

A

Approximately 15-25 and refers to the period between finishing school and reaching socioeconomic independence

66
Q

(T2)
Gerontology
(The ‘isms’)

A

The study of aging and the elderly

  • Young old (65-75)
  • Old old (75 and over)
67
Q

(T2)
Myths of Education
(The ‘isms’)

A
  1. Myth of individual (not family-up to you)
  2. Myth of the nation as a group of individuals (work together to make Aus better)
  3. Myth of progress (need to get better)
  4. Myth of socialisation and life cycle continuity
  5. Myth of the state as the guardian of the nation
68
Q

(T2)
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
(The ‘isms’)

A

Stereotypes embedded in individuals understanding of themselves as play into the embedded understanding

69
Q

(T2)
Marginal poverty
(The ‘isms’)

A

Employed for a time then go through poverty

70
Q

(T2)
Disengagement Theory
(The ‘isms’)

A

Mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to”.

71
Q

(T3)
Education
(Education)

A

Formal system which society passes on its information and values from one generation to the next

72
Q

(T4)
Cultural relativism
(Social Norms)

A

Deliberate effort to appreciate a groups way of life in its own context without prejudice

73
Q

(T2)
Activity Theory
(The ‘isms’)

A

Analytical and conceptual tools to examine human practices.

74
Q

(T4)
Xenocentrism
(Social Norms)

A

Perceive other groups or societies as superior to our own

75
Q

(T2)
Timeline of Education change in Australia
(The ‘isms’)

A
  1. 19th century charged full up front fees
  2. 1973 - Whitlam Gov abolished fees
  3. 1989 - Introduction of HECS
  4. 1996 - 3 levels of uni degrees
  5. 2003 - Student loans (HECS, HELP and FEE HELP)
  6. 2004 - End of voluntary student unionism
  7. 2005-2006 -Decrease in Uni funding
  8. 20018-2012 - 7.5% rise in student fees and decrease amount earned before debts must be paid
76
Q

(T4)
Exogamy
(Social Norms)

A

To marry a person of a different culture

77
Q

(T2)
Race
(The ‘isms’)

A

Division of people based on certain physical or biological characteristics
- Skin colour

78
Q

(T2)
Hidden Curriculum
(The ‘isms’)

A

Non officially social learning in education not part of the curriculum

  • Social conventions
  • Social hierarchy
  • Obedience to authority
79
Q

Symbolic Interaction

Paradigms

A

The exchange of meaning through language, symbols and relationships among individuals within a society.

80
Q

(T3)
Social class
(Relationships to health)

A

Predictor of health and longevity based on wealth

81
Q

(T3)
Neighbourhoods
(Relationships to health)

A

Location (urban, regional and rural)

Higher SES have better health due to higher levels of health literacy

82
Q

(T3)
Clinical gaze
(Relationships to health)

A

Our lives are becoming increasingly subject to the scrutiny of the medical profession in various ways

83
Q

(T3)
1. Bodies of population vs. 2. Individual bodies
(Relationships to health)

A
  1. Health measured the medical profession (don’t smoke. exercise more)
  2. Medical profession occupies a power position to construct a picture of normalcy
84
Q

(T3)
Michael Foucault
(Relationships to health)

A

Questioned notions of normality and boundaries between sanity and insanity.
Psychiatrist “expert” categories incarcerates and excludes from society those deemed to be deviant or abnormal.

85
Q

(T3)
Thomas Szas - Myth of mental illness
(Relationships to health)

A

Mental illness are neither mental nor illness, they are simply problem behaviour

86
Q

(T3)
Myth of mental illness
(Relationships to health)

A

Mental illness is not an illness at all. Diagnosis of mental illness is used as a means on social control

87
Q

(T3)
Social Epidemiology
(Relationships to health)

A

The distribution of disease and health throughout a society’s population

88
Q

(T3)
Obesity
(Relationships to health)

A

Poorer neighbourhoods have higher levels of obesity, due to limited recreational facilities or opportunities for physical exercise.

89
Q

(T3)
Biomedical Model
(Relationships to health)

A
  • Health or illness is a dysfunction that needs treatments to regain normal functioning
  • Intervention vs. prevention
  • Separates mind and body
90
Q

(T3)
Medicalisation
(Relationships to health)

A

Medical professionals hold a considerable influence in our society. Society requiring expert intervention or medicalisation

91
Q

(T3)
DSM
(Education)

A

Classifications enshrined in textbooks and diagnosis manuals.

92
Q

(T3)
Credentials
(Education)

A
  1. Are more cultural and exclusion tha technical and efficacious; (Degrees become more important that training and knowledge)
  2. Doesn’t directly equate to knowledge
  3. Exclusionary, cultural entry barriers to jobs
  4. Regulate credential market
93
Q

(T3)
Teacher Expectancy Effect
(Education)

A

Teachers concentrate on students they feel are smart

94
Q

(T3)
Indigenous Australians and education
(Education)

A
  • Not many Indigenous students complete high school
95
Q

(T3)
Deviance
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Refers to rule or norm breaking behaviour

  1. Linked to time
  2. Linked to cultural values
  3. Cultural and universal
96
Q

(T3)
Shaming
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Deliberate effort attaching a negative meaning to behaviour

97
Q

(T3)
Reintegrative shaming
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Serves to bring the offender back into the community after punishment

98
Q

(T3)
General deterrence
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Ensure individuals won’t commit a crime because they see the negative consequences.

99
Q

(T3)
Specific deterrence
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Individuals who have been punished for crime

100
Q

(T3)
Stigmatic shaming
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Permanent label given to an offender

101
Q

(T3)
Recidivism
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Repeat offending after rehabilitation. (Prison not effective)

102
Q

(T3)
Crime stats - not numbers
(Crime and Deviance)

A
  • Experiencing less crime
  • Robbery and extortion are least of all offences
  • Prevalent crimes: public order offences, theft, illicit drug offences
103
Q

(T3)
Restorative justice
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Since 1990s.
Dialogue between the offender of victims in criminal justice process
(justice programs and welfare)

104
Q

(T3)
Anomie
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Lack of usual social or ethical standards in individual or group

105
Q

(T3)
Labelling
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Socially constructed through reaction instead of action.

Theory suggests no behavior is inherently deviant on its own.

106
Q

(T3)
Social Order
(Crime and Deviance)

A

The way various components of society work together to maintain status quo.

107
Q

(T3)
Social control
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Formal and informal means of enforcing norms

108
Q

(T3)
Crime
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Refers to breaking/violating laws

109
Q

(T3)
Containment Theory
(Crime and Deviance)

A

Criminals cannot resist the temptation around them (internal controls and external forces)

110
Q

(T3)
Hirschi’s 4 social bonds
(Crime and Deviance)

A

The 4 bonds affect of inner controls

  1. Attachment
  2. Commitment
  3. Involvement
  4. Belief
111
Q

(T4)
Polygyny
(Social Norms)

A

Man who takes ore than one wife

112
Q

(T4)
Monogamy
(Social Norms)

A

One partner relationship

113
Q

(T4)
Polyandry
(Social Norms)

A

Women who take more than one husband

114
Q

(T4)
Polygamy
(Social Norms)

A

More than one spouse at a time

  • Polyandry (One wife many husbands)
  • Polygyny (One man many wives)
115
Q

(T4)
Ethnocentrism
(Social Norms)

A

When a person uses their own culture to judge another. Personal biases

116
Q

(T4)
Culture shock
(Social Norms)

A

When a person encounters a culture foreign to her own and has emotional response to differences between cultures

117
Q

(T4)
Cultural transmission
(Social Norms)

A

Adjusting to a new culture and environment and can generate a wide variety of reactions and feelings.

118
Q

(T4)
Modernism
(Social Norms)

A

Philosophical and art movement, along with cultural trends and changes.
Arose from transformations in Western society in late 19th, early 20th centuries

119
Q

(T4)
Post-modernism
(Social Norms)

A

Is an epoch and heavily related to arts, architecture, and criticism.

  • Departure from modernism
  • Self-conscious use of earlier styles and conventions
  • Mixing different styles and media
120
Q

(T4)
The age of enlightenment
(Social Norms)

A

Late 18th century - a time period of great change and new ideas

121
Q

(T4)
Social exchange Theory
(Social Norms)

A

Increased exchange value, that an object is worth more

122
Q

(T5)
Characteristics of McDonaldisation
(McDonaldisation)

A
  • Predictability
  • Efficiency
  • Calculability
  • Control
123
Q

(T2)
Hidden Curriculum
(The ‘isms’)

A

Non official part of the curriculum

  • Social conventions
  • Social hierarchy
  • Obedience to authority
124
Q

(T4)
Culture
(Social Norms)

A
  1. Non-material culture (values, rules)
  2. Text (Anything that can be analysed)
  3. Symbols (text, words, gestures)
  4. Language (terminology meaning)
125
Q

(T4)
Values
(Social Norms)

A
  • Cultural standards
  • Value pairs (positive vs. negative)
  • Value cluster (2 or more values that support each other)
126
Q

(T4)
Homogamy marriage
(Social Norms)

A

Marriage between people with similarities

  • Religion
  • Ethnicity
  • Class
127
Q

(T4)
Exogamy marriage
(Social Norms)

A

Marrying someone from different groups

128
Q

(T4)
Atheism
(Social Norms)

A

Rejection of truths about claims of there being a God

129
Q

(T4)
Stimulus value role Theory
(Social Norms)

A
  1. Stimulus (superficial attraction)
  2. Value (beliefs and common ground)
  3. Role (Acting out roles of a couple,sexual, long term)
130
Q

(T4)
Social exchange Theory
(Social Norms)

A
  • Maximise rewards and minimise costs

- Rewards, emotional, sexual, social or financial

131
Q

(T4)
Monotheism
(Social Norms)

A

Belief there is only 1 God

132
Q

(T4)
Totemism
(Social Norms)

A

Honouring sacred objects

133
Q

(T4)
Animism
(Social Norms)

A

Believe animate spirits live in natural objects and operate in the world

134
Q

(T4)
Polytheism
(Social Norms)

A

Belief in multiple gods (competing god and competing truths)

135
Q

(T4)
Consumer religion
(Social Norms)

A

Religion appropriates existing spiritualities and cultures, that can be destructive

136
Q

(T4)
Sect
(Social Norms)

A

Once a cult has enough members to sustain itself, it becomes a sect.

137
Q

(T4)
Church
(Social Norms)

A

A large highly organised group of believers

138
Q

(T4)
Sect Theocracy
(Social Norms)

A

State/Gov and religion work together

139
Q

(T5)
Promethean-human
(McDonaldisation)

A

Humans dominate nature “human exemption”

140
Q

(T5)
Survivalist-human
(McDonaldisation)

A

Humans delicately balance ecosystem with finite resources and limits in growth. “carrying capacity”

141
Q

(T5)
Demography
(McDonaldisation)

A

Study of population size and composition

142
Q

(T5)
Malthusian Theory
(McDonaldisation)

A
  • Population projections growth at geometric rate (2, 4, 8, 16)
  • Food supplies increase at arithmetic (2, 4, 6, 8)
143
Q

(T5)
Global village
(McDonaldisation)

A

If you have money, it is entirely possible to travel anywhere in the world because you can

144
Q

(T5)
Globalisation
(McDonaldisation)

A
  1. Global in distance (Internet and Coca-Cola)
  2. Globally inclusive in inputs (Mb phone - metal, packaging, sold)
  3. Interdependency (Fuel crisis)
  4. Stability and regularity over time and space
  5. Global consciousness (Trump, China - connections over the globe)
145
Q

(T5)
World systems Theory
(McDonaldisation)

A

Dominant world system with capitalism at its core.
Core dictates what kinds of social, economic and political activity in 2 parts of the system.
1. Periphery
2. Semi-periphery

146
Q

(T5)
Globo-Entusiasts vs. Globo-sceptics
(McDonaldisation)

A
  1. Globo-Enthusiasts: Integrated world will be more prosperous and peaceful
  2. Globo-Sceptic: Polarising effects economically and socially. Trade liberalisation being responsible for low-paid workers in developing world
147
Q

(T5)
McDonaldisation
(McDonaldisation)

A

Global spread of principles and practices of the fast food industry

148
Q

(T5)
Cosmopolitanism
(McDonaldisation)

A

Moral connection that binds all peoples irrespective of race, ethnicity, gender or religion

149
Q

(T5)
Creolisation
(McDonaldisation)

A

Cross-fertilisation of ideas, meanings and material culture interact in different societies

150
Q

(T5)
Transnational Corporations
(McDonaldisation)

A

Seek to profit, establishing the best combination to labour skills, wage rates, taxation regimes etc.
- Profit for shareholders: Power within nations and global levels

151
Q

(T5)
The global financial crisis
(McDonaldisation)

A

Crisis due to lack of regulation in 2008

152
Q

(T5)
Financialisation
(McDonaldisation)

A

People making money from money

153
Q

(T5)
Ecological footprint
(McDonaldisation)

A

A measure of the amount of productive land and water that is required to produce the resources we consume, absorb waste, per head of population

154
Q

(T5)
Deforestation
(McDonaldisation)

A

Is occuring at a level of about 13 million hectares per year. It also has been predicted that 70% of rainforests may disappear by he year 2050

155
Q

(T5)
Salinisation
(McDonaldisation)

A

Effect 6 million hectares of land in Aus and is expected to grow to 17 million by 2050, if current methods continue

156
Q

(T5)
Acidification
(McDonaldisation)

A

Acid soils reduce crop and pasture production.

157
Q

(T5)
Desertification
(McDonaldisation)

A

Vegetation is cleared for grazing, through poor management or drought (or both) More animals, not enough vegetation

158
Q

(T5)
Greenhouse gases
(McDonaldisation)

A

Greenhouse gases that have build up in atmosphere have released from the burning of fossil fuels

Intro to Social Theory 2019 (5 decks)

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