Week 1: Study of Chemistry, Matter, and Measurements Flashcards
the science of properties, reaction, composition, and structures of matter
chemistry
anything that has mass and takes up space
matter
A practitioner of the Medieval science of alchemy, which aimed mainly to transform everyday metals into gold
alchemist
a substance that could cause the transmutation of lead into gold
philosopher’s stone
an area of chemistry that was highly developed by early Egyptians
metallurgy
varied group of scholars and charlatans
alchemists
starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a logical conclusion
deductive reasoning
makes broad generalizations from specific observations
inductive reasoning
process of consisting of making observations, developing a hypothesis, and testing the hypothesis
scientific method
substance that is lost from a material when it is burned
phlogiston
first major philosopher to gather data through observation
ARISTOTLE
a general principle that is offered to explain a natural phenomenon
theory
offers a description of why something happens
theory
a proved explanation based of off many hypotheses and much experimentation
theory
statement that is always true but does not include an explanation as to why
law
properties that describe matter’s reaction with substances
chemical properties
properties of matter that can be observed without changing the matter’s composition
physical properties
physical properties that are independent on the amount of substance present
intensive properties
physical properties that depend on the amount of substance present
extensive properties
have a constant composition and can only be changed by chemical reactions
pure substances
substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means
elements
substances that can be broken down into their individual elements, but only through chemical processes
compounds
a combinations of two or more pure substances
mixtures
a mixture with a uniform composition throughout
homogeneous mixture
a mixture with visible distinguishable components, exist primarily in the solid and liquid states
heterogeneous mixture
a change during which the chemical identity of a substance is altered
chemical change
a change in which the physical form and properties of a substance change
physical change
the separation of a mixture by passing it through a medium in which the components move at different rates
chromatography
a purification process in which the components of a liquid mixture are vaporized and then condensed and isolated
distillation
a technique used to separate out homogeneous in which one or more solids are dissolved in a liquid
evaporation
a method used to separate mixtures in which some of the particles are large enough in size to be captured with a porous material while others are not
filtration
a common metric system of units of measurement used by scientists
Systeme International (SI)
a measurement that has its own independent scale and cannot be expressed in terms of other base units
base unit
a measurement that is a combination of base units
derived unit
a factor used in solving problems in which a certain measurement must be expressed with different units
conversion factor
a technique that uses the units (dimensions) of the measurement in order to express quantities in the appropriate units
dimensional analysis
a way to express very large and very small numbers as the product of two numbers: a coefficient and the number 10 raised to a power
scientific notation
observations of quantitative nature that are taken by some form of equipment
measurements
the curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube
meniscus
a process of referencing a physical quantity in terms of calibration or reference point
estimate
describes how close an estimate is to a known standard
accuracy
describes how close estimates are to one another
precision
a method of setting or correcting a measuring device by matching it to known measurement standards
calibration
the ratio of the uncertainty to the measured value, multiplied by one hundred
percent uncertainty
an expression of the accuracy of a measurement standardized to how large the measurement is
percent error
consist of all certain digits in that measurement plus one uncertain or estimated digit
significant figures
an expression of the mass of substance in terms of the volume occupied by the substance
density
the quantity of inertia possessed by an object
mass
the gravitational force acting on a mass, as measured on a scale
weight
