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Human Body Systems 2 > Week 1: Special Senses > Flashcards

Week 1: Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of cells that comprise the olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory receptor cells
Supporting cells
Basal cells

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2
Q

What is the function of the olfactory receptor cells?

A

They are first order neurons and there axons project into the olfactory bulb.

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3
Q

What is the function of the supporting cells?

A

Detoxify chemicals & provide support and nourishment.

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4
Q

What is the function of basal cells?

A

Divide to produce new olfactory receptor cells.

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5
Q

Describe the physiology of the olfactory pathway.

A

Bundles of axons which pass into the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. They also form the left and right olfactory nerves.

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6
Q

What are the different pathways of axons in the olfactory tract?

A

The axons synapse on olfactory bulb neurons which forms the olfactory tract.

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7
Q

What are the three types of cells which comprise the tastebuds?

A

Circumvallate - 100-300 taste buds

Fungiform - mushroom shaped 5 taste buds

Foliate - these degenerate in early childhood

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8
Q

Describe the physiology of gustation

A

Tastants dissolve in saliva and bind to gustatory hairs, which releases a neurotransmitter that triggers an action potential.

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9
Q

What is the “flow of tears”?

A 
Lacrimal gland 
Lacrimal ducts 
Superior or inferior lacrimal canal 
Lacrimal sac 
Nasolacrimal duct 
Nasal cavity

This group produces and drains lacrimal fluid (tears)

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10
Q

What are the key features of the 3 layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous tunic
Middle avascular tunic
Retina

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11
Q

Define refraction

A

The bending of light rays traveling from one transparent substance into another.

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12
Q

Describe the visual pathway

A

Ganglion cells generate action potentials. The axons of these cells provide an output from the retina to the brain. They exit the eyeball as the optic nerve.

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13
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the ear?

A

External - collects and channels sound waves

Middle - conveys sound vibrations to the oval window

Internal - hearing & equilibrium

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14
Q

What is the “flow of tears”?

A 
Lacrimal gland 
Lacrimal ducts 
Superior or inferior lacrimal canal 
Lacrimal sac 
Nasolacrimal duct 
Nasal cavity

This group produces and drains lacrimal fluid (tears)

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15
Q

What are the key features of the 3 layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous tunic
Middle avascular tunic
Retina

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16
Q

Define refraction

A

The bending of light rays traveling from one transparent substance into another.

17
Q

Describe the visual pathway

A

Ganglion cells generate action potentials. The axons of these cells provide an output from the retina to the brain. They exit the eyeball as the optic nerve.

18
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the ear?

A

External - collects and channels sound waves

Middle - conveys sound vibrations to the oval window

Internal - hearing & equilibrium

19
Q

What is the “flow of tears”?

A 
Lacrimal gland 
Lacrimal ducts 
Superior or inferior lacrimal canal 
Lacrimal sac 
Nasolacrimal duct 
Nasal cavity

This group produces and drains lacrimal fluid (tears)

20
Q

What are the key features of the 3 layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous tunic
Middle avascular tunic
Retina

21
Q

Define refraction

A

The bending of light rays traveling from one transparent substance into another.

22
Q

Describe the visual pathway

A

Ganglion cells generate action potentials. The axons of these cells provide an output from the retina to the brain. They exit the eyeball as the optic nerve.

23
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the ear?

A

External - collects and channels sound waves

Middle - conveys sound vibrations to the oval window

Internal - hearing & equilibrium

24
Q

Information from balance receptors goes where?

A

Medulla oblongata & pons

25
Q

The product on melanin is inhibited by what?

A

Exposure to bright light

26
Q

Visual pigments are differentiated based on the identity of what?

A

Opsin protein

27
Q

What is the most important regulator in extracellular fluid?

A

Aldosterone

28
Q

What does corticotropin release?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

29
Q

What stimulates the growth of oocytes and ovulation in women and sperm in men?

A

Follicle- stimulating hormone

30
Q

What stimulates the contraction of the uterus during labour and milk release afterwards?

A

Oxytocin

31
Q

What promotes the synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factors?

A

Human growth hormone

32
Q

What inhibits the release of prolactin?

A

PIH

33
Q

What is produced by the pineal gland and sets the body’s clock?

A

Melatonin

34
Q

What is produced by the hypothalamus and decreases urine production?

A

ADH

35
Q

What controls the secretion of thyroid?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

36
Q

What is produced by alpha-islet cells in the pancreas?

A

Glucagon

Human Body Systems 2 (8 decks)

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