Week 1:Regional and Systemic Anatomy Flashcards
Structural Units?
Cells>Tissues>Organs>Systems
Names of Systems?
- Cardiovascular
- Respiratory
- Reproductive
- Urinary
- Digestive
- Integumentary
- Immune & Lymphatic
- Endocrine
- C.R.R.U.D.I.I.E
Superior
Structure above another/higher
Inferior
Anterior
The front of the body
Posterior
The back of the body
Dorsal
Towards the back
Ventral
Towards the belly
Medial
Towards the midline of the body
Proximal
Used for limbs - closer to the point of attachment
Distal
Used for limbs - Farther from the point of attachment
Superficial
Toward or on the surface
Deep
Away from the surface, internal
Caudal
Closer to the tail
Cranial
Closer to the cranium/head
Flexion
A bending movement where the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
Extension
A straightening movement where the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases as the joint returns to zero or the anatomical postiion
Types of muscle contractions
- Concentric: Muscle shortens
- Eccentric: Muscle lengthens
- Isometric: Muscle doesn’t change
Abduction
is a movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
is the returning movement toward the midline of the body
Medial rotation(internal)
a turning movement towards the midline of the body from anatomical position
Lateral
a turning movement away from the midline of the body from anatomical position
Skeletal system can be divided into two functional parts
- Axial skeleton: head(cranium,skull), neck(hyoid, cervical veterbrae) and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum)
- Appendicular skeleton: limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles
Cartilage
is a resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that forms part of the skeleton where more flexibility is required. It’s avascular; obtains oxygen and nutrients by diffusion
Bone
highly specialised, hard form of connective tissue. They provide
- support for the body and its vital cavaties
- protection for vital structures
- the mechanical basis for movement
- storage for salts (e.g. Ca)
- a continuous supply of new blood cell
Features of
- Long bone:
- Short bone:
- Flat bone:
- Irregular
- Sesamoid bone:
- Tubular
- Cuboidal and only found in tarsus(ankle) and carpus(wrist)
- Usually serve protective functions (Cranium)
- Various shapes other than long, short or flat
- Develops in certain tendons and found where they cross the end of long bones in the limbs; they protecc the tendons from excessive wear and change the angle of tendons as they pass to their attachments
Secondary cartilaginous joint(amphiarthrosis)
(Symphyses); strong, slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartillage. The fibrocartillage intervertebral discs between vertebrae consist of binding connective tissue that joins the verterbrae together. They provide strength and shock absoroption and flexibilty to the spine
Synovial joint(diarthrosis)
Most common. Provides free movement between the bones they join; joints of locomotion. Usually reinforced by acessory lingaments that are either seperate(extrinsic) or are a thickening of a portion of the joint capsule(intrinsic)
Prime mover
Main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement by contracting concentrically, doing most of the work required
Fixator
Steadies the proximal parts of a limb through isometric contraction while movements are occuring in distal parts
Syngergist
Complements the action of the prime mover
Antagonist
A muscle that opposes the action of another muscle
What does a single motor unit consists of and its functions?
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers innervated by it. When a motor neuron in the spinal chord is stimulated, it initiates an impulse that causes all the muscle fibers supplied by that motor unit to contract simultaneously.
Types of joints
- Saddle:2
- Condyloid:2
- Hinge: 1
- Pivot: 1
- Plane:1
- Ball and socket:3
Shunt
Muscles that resist dislocating forces at joint