Week 1:Regional and Systemic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Structural Units?

A

Cells>Tissues>Organs>Systems

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2
Q

Names of Systems?

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • Respiratory
  • Reproductive
  • Urinary
  • Digestive
  • Integumentary
  • Immune & Lymphatic
  • Endocrine
  • C.R.R.U.D.I.I.E
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3
Q
A
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4
Q
A
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5
Q

Superior

A

Structure above another/higher

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6
Q

Inferior

A
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7
Q

Anterior

A

The front of the body

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8
Q

Posterior

A

The back of the body

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9
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back

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10
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly

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11
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline of the body

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12
Q

Proximal

A

Used for limbs - closer to the point of attachment

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13
Q

Distal

A

Used for limbs - Farther from the point of attachment

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14
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or on the surface

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15
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface, internal

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16
Q

Caudal

A

Closer to the tail

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17
Q

Cranial

A

Closer to the cranium/head

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18
Q

Flexion

A

A bending movement where the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

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19
Q

Extension

A

A straightening movement where the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases as the joint returns to zero or the anatomical postiion

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20
Q

Types of muscle contractions

A
  • Concentric: Muscle shortens
  • Eccentric: Muscle lengthens
  • Isometric: Muscle doesn’t change
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21
Q

Abduction

A

is a movement away from the midline of the body

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22
Q

Adduction

A

is the returning movement toward the midline of the body

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23
Q

Medial rotation(internal)

A

a turning movement towards the midline of the body from anatomical position

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24
Q

Lateral

A

a turning movement away from the midline of the body from anatomical position

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25
Skeletal system can be divided into two functional parts
* Axial skeleton: head(cranium,skull), neck(hyoid, cervical veterbrae) and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum) * Appendicular skeleton: limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles
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Cartilage
is a resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that forms part of the skeleton where more flexibility is required. It's avascular; obtains oxygen and nutrients by diffusion
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Bone
highly specialised, hard form of connective tissue. They provide * support for the body and its vital cavaties * protection for vital structures * the mechanical basis for movement * storage for salts (e.g. Ca) * a continuous supply of new blood cell
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Features of 1. Long bone: 2. Short bone: 3. Flat bone: 4. Irregular 5. Sesamoid bone:
1. Tubular 2. Cuboidal and only found in tarsus(ankle) and carpus(wrist) 3. Usually serve protective functions (Cranium) 4. Various shapes other than long, short or flat 5. Develops in certain tendons and found where they cross the end of long bones in the limbs; they protecc the tendons from excessive wear and change the angle of tendons as they pass to their attachments
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Secondary cartilaginous joint(amphiarthrosis)
(Symphyses); strong, slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartillage. The fibrocartillage intervertebral discs between vertebrae consist of binding connective tissue that joins the verterbrae together. They provide strength and shock absoroption and flexibilty to the spine
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Synovial joint(diarthrosis)
Most common. Provides free movement between the bones they join; joints of locomotion. Usually reinforced by acessory lingaments that are either seperate(extrinsic) or are a thickening of a portion of the joint capsule(intrinsic)
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Prime mover
Main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement by contracting concentrically, doing most of the work required
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Fixator
Steadies the proximal parts of a limb through isometric contraction while movements are occuring in distal parts
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Syngergist
Complements the action of the prime mover
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Antagonist
A muscle that opposes the action of another muscle
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What does a single motor unit consists of and its functions?
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers innervated by it. When a motor neuron in the spinal chord is stimulated, it initiates an impulse that causes all the muscle fibers supplied by that motor unit to contract simultaneously.
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Types of joints
* Saddle:2 * Condyloid:2 * Hinge: 1 * Pivot: 1 * Plane:1 * Ball and socket:3
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Shunt
Muscles that resist dislocating forces at joint
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What are neurons
Structural and functional units of the nervous system: fast communication. Cell bodies, grey matter. Axons/tracts: white matter
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Card Actions
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Afferent(sensory)
Convey neural impulses to the CNS from the sensory receptors various parts of the body. They form the posterior(dorsal) nerve root of the spinal nerve
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Efferent(motor) fibers
Convey neural impulses from CNS to effector organs. They form the anterior(ventral) nerve root of the spinal nerve
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