Week 1 (PowerPoint and Textbook Notes) Flashcards
T/F - Indigenous Peoples have always welcomed others with open arms, the values of hospitality to strangers and personal honour (to keep one’s word and be respectful)
True
T/F - Mi’kmaq have notions of greed, and did not give to help the aged, poor, sick, and strangers
FALSE!
An important value was the Great Spirit (created all people equal), so there was no WHAT?
intolerance and biases against people who were different.
T/F - Indigenous worldviews can not be learned and acted upon, but culture can be learned?
False - Indigenous worldviews CAN be learned and acted upon, whereas even though one may be aware of cultural practices, it does not mean that they should be taken up.
Who are Indigenous Peoples - they are the original inhabitants of where?
Turtle Island (North America)
Canadian Constitution has three groups which includes?
Indians, Métis, and Inuit
T/F - A history of colonization does not tie Indigenous Peoples together.
False, it does tie them together
Colonialism involves one society WHAT?
seeking to conquer another and then rule over it.
The main goals of settler colonialism involves three factors:
hint-displace, culture, society
o displace Indigenous peoples from their lands
o break and bury the cultures that grew out of relationships with those lands
o ultimately eliminate Indigenous societies so that settlers could establish themselves.
Colonization can also be referred to as forced political domination of one nation over another including 3 types of control (what are the three types)
administrative, economic, and cultural control
Colonization establishes hierarchies that privilege, what are the 6 privileges?
o European people over non-European people
o males over females
o heterosexuals over non-heterosexuals
o Christians over non-Christian/non-Western spiritualities
o Western knowledge over non-Western knowledge
o European languages over non-European languages
Colonization is a WHAT relationship
imposed relationship
What type of colonialism is - to take whatever resources were there, plan wasn’t to stay, they want to exploit labour and then leave.
Extractive (classical) colonialism
Describe settler colonialism
It was about land acquisition, there was no use for the Indigenous peoples as seen with extractive colonialism, and the settlers came to stay rather than extract resources and exploit labour and then go.
Settler Colonialism - Requires the WHAT of Indigenous peoples to establish settlers as the rightful inhabitants of desired territories
disappearance (i.e. assimilation, incarceration, breading until none is left, reserves)
T/F - The national identity of the settler state must be one benevolence and innocence; colonial violence must be constantly and continuously disavowed (doing this for your own good)
true
All settlers benefit from WHAT theft and the WHAT of Indigenous peoples
Land theft and disappearance of Indigenous peoples
Historic systemic violence toward Indigenous Peoples includes - abuse against Indigenous Peoples during the period of their slavery WHEN
(early 1600s to 1833) in New France
Historic systemic violence toward Indigenous Peoples includes - the use of women for WHAT as the direct result of a law passed in 1770
the purpose of breeding that sought to address the shortage of English and Scottish labourers
T/F - Historic systemic violence toward Indigenous Peoples includes the extermination of the entire Beothuck Nation on the East Coast of Canada
sadly, true
Historic systemic violence toward Indigenous Peoples includes - the hanging of … in 1885 in Western Canada
hanging of seven Indigenous men, including Louis Riel
Historic systemic violence toward Indigenous Peoples includes the banning of WHAT from the 1800s to the 1960s, which served to eliminate any challenges to colonial rule.
political activity in Indigenous communities
Decolonization is a term that has come to encompass anything we do to make the world WHAT
less oppressive
“getting over colonization”, “making friends” or “working together” without any substantive changes to the underlying relationship between is what?
Decolonization
In a settler colonial context, DEcolonization involves the WHAT of Indigenous lands, Indigenous cultures, and Indigenous WHAT (hint Self and Auto)
restoration of Indigenous lands, Indigenous cultures, and Indigenous
and self-determination and autonomy
Indigenous Self-Determination includes S and S
Sovereignty and Self-determination are claimed as rights by many Indigenous leaders, scholars, and organizations
T/F - 1996 RCAP Report, UNDRIP, and the TRC have all proposed self-determination as the foundation for a new relationship between Indigenous peoples and settlers
TRUE
Self-determination can be defined as
“…the right of a people to govern themselves by their own laws and exercise jurisdiction over their territories”
Initial relationship between Indigenous peoples and settlers were WHAT arrangements, there was also an economic relationship with fur trade
military and when Indigenous people were no longer useful as allies in the military then colonialism started
1763: Treaty of Paris effectively ends WHOSE presence in Turtle Island after military defeat to WHO
French presence after military defeat to British
Royal Proclamation of 1763 declares WHOSE law in Turtle Island, partially acknowledges Indigenous territorial rights
British
After the Royal Proclamation of 1763, treaties focused almost exclusively on WHAT rather than peace treaties, start of reserve system
land cession
Land-Cession Treaties essentially gave what to the British (later Canadian) government?
gave control of land occupied by Indigenous peoples to the government
From these treaties the reserve system formed to WHAT (2 things)
assimilate Indigenous peoples into Settler society
free up vast tracts of land
The land was and still is held in WHAT, so it couldn’t be sold for economic advantage.
trust
What does Wardship mean that started in the 19th century?
Indigenous peoples were viewed as “children of the state” by Canadian government
Romanticized as “White Man’s Burden” – viewed as a responsibility to civilize Indigenous Peoples
Define Paternalism from the context of Wardship
Paternalism – white people think they know what’s best for Indigenous Peoples i.e. you need parenting courses when in reality they don’t have the money to pay rent and stock the fridge – it’s not bad parenting it’s a money issue
The Indian Act of WHEN?
1876
Indian Act of 1876 consolidated and revamped earlier legislation into a WHAT
nationwide framework that is essentially still in place today
What is the vehicle by which the goal of assimilating Indigenous Peoples was to be implemented and it governed every facet of Indigenous life.
Indian Act of 1876
The Indian Act provides the government of Canada with legal framework of authority over which two elements?
Indians and land reserved for Indians
T/F - The Indian Act determined who was / was not Indigenous
true
The Indian Act sought to make Indigenous Peoples into WHAT? and what did this do to Indigenous values
imitation Europeans. And it eradicated Indigenous values through education and religion, and to establish new economic and political systems and new concepts of property.
Key purpose of the Indian Act was to WHAT (known by 2 terms)
Key purpose of Act was to increase enfranchisement / assimilation
offer to Indigenous Peoples to become a Canadian (right to vote) if they gave up their culture and renounce their Indigenous status
Outlawing of traditional Indigenous ceremonies, the enforced training of men to become farmers and women to become domestics, and a systematic indoctrination of Christian theory and practice through the residential school system
all this is achieved through
Specific practices of assimilation
Through WHAT Indigenous Peoples could acquire full citizenship only by relinquishing their culture and rights to land
enfranchisement
WHAT was established in mid-1800s by Indian Affairs in conjunction with several Christian churches (so the schools were run on the cheap)
Residential school system
T/F - 1951: The Indian Act amended such that provincial child welfare legislation applied to Indian reserves
What did this result in?
true. Results in massive removal of Indigenous children in 60s, 70s, & 80s from their families and placement with non-Indigenous caregivers
Describe the the Millennium Scoop
Indigenous children remain vastly overrepresented in child welfare, often in the homes of non-Indigenous caregivers
Rate at which on-reserve children entered foster care increased 71.5% from 1995 to 2001
Which level of the government has a fiscal responsibility for “status Indians” living on reserves
federal
T/F - Indigenous people living off-reserve are the responsibility of the federal government
False, provinces
The benevolence of social work -
T/F - there is assumption that Indigenous people are damaged invokes a compassionate response and an understanding that these persons must be treated with special care if they are to be improved
true
The benevolence of social work -
T/F - The Indigenous client must remain humble and compliant in the face of professional knowledge and accept their status as deficient in order to be treated
true
Describe maintaining the “helping the sick” narrative
Social work with/on Indigenous peoples has a vested interest in maintaining the “helping the sick” narrative as it is more comforting than considering self-determination options
Who imposed identities like ‘Indian’, ‘First Nations’ and ‘Aboriginal’ which have been a central feature of the colonization process
The state / government
imposed labels / identities serve the colonial agenda by:
o degrading the meaning …
o facilitating the abandonment of …
o absorbing Indigenous peoples…
o assuaging …
- degrading the meaning of being Indigenous,
- facilitating the abandonment of traditional ways of being,
- absorbing Indigenous peoples into the state, and
- assuaging settler guilt
T/ F - in terms of Identity Designations as Indigenous Resistance
Indigenous communities are increasingly rejecting the “right” of federal government to define who is and isn’t a band member
AND Collective terms such as Native, Aboriginal, First Nations, and Indigenous a response to historically imposed identities
true
The process of validating Indigenous knowledges must not lead to Indigenous peoples losing WHAT
control and ownership of knowledge
Describe Cultural Appropriation
It’s like cultural theft
and it can be dangerous (think about a surgeon)
You don’t have to adopt / copy a culture to show your respect – get to know the culture then you are showing your respect
We all have a responsibility to the earth – you don’t need “Indigenous status” to care and feel that connection and appropriate their culture
Non-Indigenous practitioners in the helping professions can take up Indigenous ways of helping through concentrating on Indigenous WHAT rather than on cultures and spiritual practices.
worldviews
a foundation that guides how one sees the environment/land, people, communities, challenges, causes of problems, and possible solutions is WHAT?
A worldview
Is Cultures or Worldviews expressed through languages, ceremonies, governance, clan systems, and yes, food.
Cultures
T/F - worldviews cannot be learned whereas cultures can be learned
False, Worldviews and knowledges can be learned as they are general. Cultures cannot be learned unless one is immersed in the particular culture
Spirituality within Indigenous worldviews also includes one’s connection to WHAT?
the land
