Week 1: Oncology nursing 1 Flashcards
Epidemiology (4)
refers to the study of factors that may affect the health and illness of populations.
prevalence
The measurement of all cancer cases at a particular time
Number of persons with cancer at a given point in time / Total population living at that time
incidence
The number of newly diagnosed cases of cancer in a specified period of time in a defined population
Number of persons developing cancer in a specified period of time/Total population living at that time
mortality
The number of deaths attributed to cancer in a specified time period and in a defined population
Number of persons dying of cancer in a specified period of time/total population at time
survival
The proportion of cancer patients who are alive at a certain time after diagnosis, usually in terms of a 5 year survival rate. Survival analysis is the observation over time of persons with cancer and the calculation of their probability of dying over several time periods (for example, 5 or 10 year survival rates).
Cancer
disease where abnormal cells divide and multiply in an uncontrolled way
POST MITOTIC / PRE SYNTHESIS PHASE
which cells
start to make enzymes for DNA synthesis and
prepare for entry into the S phase.
SYNTHESIS
cells start replicates chromosomal DNA. Results in pairs of chromatid
POST SYNTHETIC / PRE MITOTIC
PHASE
growth and preparation for mitosis
MITOSIS
Cell division occurs
Go (RESTING) PHASE
cells are not actively dividing
The growth fraction
is the ratio of the total number of cells to the number of dividing cells. As a rule, the higher the growth fraction, the more rapidly tumour mass increases.
Doubling time
is the time taken for the tumour to double its volume; the average time for most solid tumours being 2-3 months. Tumours are usually not clinically detectable until they have doubled around 30 times
Gompertzian Tumour Growth Curve
which describes the decrease in cell doubling time as tumour progression occurs
‘intravasate’ and ‘extravasate.’
This means that cancer cells have the ability to enter and leave the circulatory and lymphatic systems
metastasis
Tumour initiation
Progression
Proliferation
Angiogenesis
Invasion / Intravasation
Extravasation
Colony Formation
Evasion of host defenses
Physical / behavioural responses following diagnosis include:
Sleep disturbance
Appetite changes
Altered sexual interest
Headaches
Heart Palpitations
Feeling ‘stressed’ and ‘on edge’
Wanting to be around others/ social withdrawal
Substance use / abuse
clinical distress
Disease status
Treatment tolerance
Symptom intensity
Symptom intensity and frequency
Lifestyle effects of symptom intensity and frequency
Quality of life
Psychosocial Problems
ajustment disorders to illness and/or changes in care
Feelings of isolation from family
Family conflict
Decreased quality of life
Decisions surrounding advanced directives
Abuse/neglect
Coping difficulties
Mental health issues
Disturbances in body image
Sexual problems
Difficulty in dealing with grief and/or end of life
Cultural barriers
Inadequate caregiver support
treatment
Education materials
Support and education groups
Resource lists (interdisciplinary referrals)
Community resources
Relationship counseling
Patient counseling / psychotherapy / +/- Medication
Family counseling / psychotherapy
Sexual counseling
Grief counseling
practical
Transportation issues and parking costs
Transport and accommodation for rural families receiving treatment at a venue far from their home
Financial issues
Occupational problems
School problems
Food/clothing problems
Assistance with daily routine
Cultural barriers
Identifying caregiver and family resources
treatment
Education
Support groups
Resource lists of available supports
Counselling for patients and families
Arranging support from community agencies
Instruction or problem solving
Supportive care
embraces the full range of issues that emerge for an individual as the impact of cancer and treatment are felt and the person tries to deal with the situation. Sensitive care is required to help the individual cope with what is happening and maintain or improve that person’s quality of life.
Supportive care key principles
A person centered (and family centered) approach to care
A system wide and team approach
Developing and supporting the workforce
Maintaining a focus on quality of care through providing evidence-based protocols and processes
monitoring progress and outcomes through medical record audit, benchmarking and peer review
Population-based planning
barriers
they do not have access to care
they lack either health insurance
stigma
patient–provider miscommunication
inexperience with assessment for psychosocial distress and rapid screening tools
a lack of provider familiarity with community resources
