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Baz Y2 Semester 1 > Week 1 Neurology Intro Sessions > Flashcards

Week 1 Neurology Intro Sessions Flashcards

1
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12
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13
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Frontal lobe functions

Bonus: specific areas for motor control

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14
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5 functions of the parietal lobe

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15
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Both the frontal and temporal lobes are involved with speech. Which does what with regards to speech?

A

Frontal: speech output ( think motor function )
Temporal: speech input

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16
Q

The dominant and non-dominant parietal lodes have slightly different functions, what are these?

A

Dominant: language
Non-dominant: spatial awareness and orientation

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17
Q

Signs of a parietal lobe lesion

A

Contralateral hemisensory loss

Dominant: dysphasia, acalculia

Non-dominant: spatial disorientation on contralateral side, construction/ dressing apraxia

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18
Q

6 functions of the temporal lobe

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19
Q

What part of the brain is this virus affecting?

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Temporal: we know it’s temporal and not frontal because the eyes can be seen at this level in the scan

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20
Q

7 Effects of a temporal lobe lesion

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21
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Functions of the occipital lobe

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22
Q

Signs of a temporal lobe lesion

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Visual problems/ hallucinations

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23
Q

Briefly describe the order of the body parts of the homunculus

A

Foot
Leg
Torso plus head
Arm
Hand
Face
Tongue

24
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Homeostasis

25
Q

Medulla function

A

Subconscious breathing

26
Q

Rough order of the anatomy of the brainstem

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27
Q

Cerebellum function and effect of lesion

A
  • Fine tunes coordination of movement from cortex inc. speech
  • involved and planning and learning of skilled movements

Lesions present with incoordination in the same side, an inability to produce rapid and accurate movements, distance of targets misjudged, target accuracy decreases as gets closer, characteristic ataxic gait

28
Q

How many of each type of spinal chord nerves are there

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29
Q

Describe the life cycle of CSF: production, flow, reabsorption

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30
Q

How much CSF is there?

A

125ml

31
Q

How much CSF is produced each day?

A

500ml

32
Q

5 Functions of the CSF

A
  1. Buoyancy
  2. Protection
  3. Perfusion control, amount of CSF is proportional to pressure within the cranium, by decreasing the pressure in the cranium this increases perfusion
  4. Homeostasis
  5. Clearing waste
33
Q

When taking a lumber puncture what normal pressure ranges should you expect?

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34
Q

What are the features and causes of high ICP (intra cranial pressure)

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35
Q

What are the features and causes of low IPC (intra cranial pressure)

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36
Q

A 15-year-old boy is brought into the GP after a strange experience. He reported that he felt an overwhelming sensation of fear, felt sick in his stomach, felt his heart going very fast, and heard a laughing sound. His mother noticed him go very white. He did not lose consciousness or feel dizzy. The episode lasted for a minute and a half, after which he was left confused and with a strange feeling of deja vu.

What is the most likely cause of this experience?

A

Focal temporal lobe seizure

The correct answer is focal temporal lobe seizure. Temporal lobe seizures are characterised by hallucinations, such as this boy’s perceptions of fear, epigastric discomfort, tachycardia, and hearing laughter. His colour change, noted by his mother, and feeling of confusion and deja vu following the episode, is also characteristic of temporal lobe seizures.

37
Q

A 68-year-old man attends his general practitioner with a two month history of difficulty with speech. He reports that he has had difficulty in generating speech and often struggles to find words but no difficulty in understanding verbal or written language.

A CT head is performed to determine the aetiology of his symptoms.

What is this called?

Where would you expect to find a lesion given this man’s symptoms?

A

Broca’s aphasia

Left inferior frontal gyrus

38
Q

A 22-year-old man is brought to the Emergency Department following a motorcycle accident. He has sustained a severe head injury, and a subsequent CT scan of the head shows a significant midline shift along with a large subdural haematoma. The neurosurgery team indicates that the bleeding exerts pressure on the structure that typically divides the cerebral hemispheres.

What structure is being referred to by the neurosurgery team?

A

Falx cerebri

The falx cerebri is a prominent, sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that descends within the longitudinal fissure, separating the two cerebral hemispheres.

39
Q

Where are the arterial territories of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries

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40
Q

Thinking about arterial territories, what would you need to assess for in an anterior or middle circulation stroke but not in a posterior circulation stroke?

A

Carotid artery stenosis

41
Q

Thinking about arterial territories what might you need to assess for if a stroke is in multiple territories including bilaterally?

A

Cardioembolic stroke

This is where emboli are coming from the heart

42
Q

This is a CT of ischemia in the brain. What artery is likely occluded and what would the likely symptoms be?

A

Left middle cerebral artery

Remeber CT is looking from underneith

Like symptoms are right sided hemiplegia and aphasia with the chance of loss of vision in the right sided field

43
Q

What is going here?

What circulation is occluded?

What are the likely symptoms?

A

Right cerebellar infarct

This is a posterior circulation infarction (I am not sure which artery but I assume either the right SCA, AICA, PICA or vertebral. If it were the basilar would both sides be affected? The right vertebral could affect the right PICA only)

Ataxia mainly affecting the right side of the body

44
Q

Fill in the names of the venous drainage of the brain

What structure do the first ones flow down?

A

The saggital sinuses flow down the falx cerebri

45
Q

What is this?

What are the likely symtoms?

What is the likely history?

A

Sagittal sinus thrombosis

The sagittal sinus is clearly occluded

Likely symptoms are a headache. They may also have had focal neurological deficits (e.g. paralysis) and seizures

They likely had risk factors for thrombosis – such as hormonal contraceptive use, pregnancy, or cancer

46
Q

What are the following sensory nerve endings and what do they do?

A

Free nerve endings: pain/temperature

Merkel endings: touch/pressure. Hint: Angela merkel was under a lot of pressure as chancellor

Meissner’s corpuscle: fine touch
(especially concentrated in fingertips)

47
Q

Which root do sensory fibres enter the spinal chord?

A

Sensory fibres enter the spine via the dorsal roots

Hint: Dolphins are sensitive and have dorsal fins

48
Q

Describe the acending pathway of pain & temperature nerves

A

1st order neuron enters the spinal chord via the dorsal root and synapses on entry

Decussates immediately

2nd order neuron ascends in spinothalamic tract

Second synapse in thalamus

3rd order neuron ascends to cortex

49
Q

Describe the acending pathway of touch, proprioception & vibration nerves

A

1st order neuron enters cord via the dorsal root

Ascends via ipsilateral dorsal column pathway

Synapse in medulla

Then decussation in medial lemniscus, ascent as 2nd order neuron

Final synapse in thalamus
Ascent to sensory cortex

50
Q

In what tract do pain and temperature sensory nerves travel up the spinal chord?

A

Spinothalamic tract

51
Q

In what tract do touch, proprioception & vibration sensory nerves travel up the spinal chord?

A

Ipsilateral dorsal column pathway

52
Q

Which of the cranial nerves are sensory and which are motor?

A

CN I →XII

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

S = Sensory, M = Motor, B = Both

53
Q

What is the difference between the falx cerebri and the longitudinal fissure?

A

Key Differences Summarized:
Nature:

The falx cerebri is a structure (a membrane) made of dura mater that acts as a channel for the superior and inferior saggital sinuses to flow through.

The longitudinal fissure is a space (a groove).

Relationship:

The falx cerebri sits within the longitudinal fissure.

54
Q

What is the amygdala and what does it do?

A

Temporal lobe. Responsible for processing emotions and social stimuli. Part of the limbic system

55
Q

What is the limbic system?

Where does it sit in the brain?

Which parts of the brain are in it?

A

Sits medially (inside)

Parts of the brain responsible for emotions and survival behaviours

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Hypothalamus

Cingulate gyrus

Baz Y2 Semester 1 (17 decks)

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