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PA1: Physiology > Week 1 Neuroendocrinology ✅ > Flashcards

Week 1 Neuroendocrinology ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Electrical impulse - language of the nervous system

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2
Q

What structures does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of stimuli neurons

A

Physical, chemical, thermal

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4
Q

What are supporting cells?

A

Non-excitable cells, “neuroglia”
5x more abundant than neurons

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5
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Receive impulse and transmit to the post-synaptic neuron

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6
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

Generate impulse in neuron from local potentials

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7
Q

Where is the axon hillock located?

A

Summation Zone

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons and what is their function?

A

Afferent - sensory
Efferent - motor
Interneurons - integratons

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9
Q

Where are the nerve terminals located?

A

Output zone

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10
Q

What are the 4 nerve zones?

A

Input
Summation
Conduction
Output

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11
Q

What is a unipolar nerve cell?

A

1 axon
1 nerve process
Not human (e.g. flies)

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12
Q

What is a bipolar nerve cell?

A

1 axon
1 dendrite

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13
Q

What is an example of a bipolar nerve cell?

A

Olfactory nerve
Retina
Ear nerves

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14
Q

What is a multipolar cell?

A

1 axon
Multiple dendrites

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15
Q

What is an example of a multipolar cell?

A

CNS, autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

What is a pseudounipolar cell?

A

Like bipolar neurones
E.g. sensory neurons

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17
Q

What is the function of an astrocyte?

A

Connect blood vessels to neuron

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18
Q

Give an example of where an astrocyte is located

A

Blood brain barrier

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19
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Protect CNS neurons by phagocytosis

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20
Q

How many ventricles are there in the brain?

A

4

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21
Q

What does the Corpus callosum do?

A

Connect the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

They line the ventricles of the brain to protect them and produce CSF

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23
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

Time when Na channels open, close and K channels open - the membrane CANNOT RESPOND TO FURTHER STIMULATION

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24
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

When K channels close and Na/K channels return to normal state, the membrane CAN ONLY RESPOND TO LARGER STIMULI

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25
Q

What are the steps of the refractory period?

A
  1. Resting membrane potential of cell is at -70mV
  2. Cell is stimulated and charge becomes more positive, Na channels open
  3. Membrane becomes +30mV, Na channels close and K channels open
  4. Cell repolarises and charge goes below resting potential of -70mV - K channels close
  5. Cell returns to -70mV
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26
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a cell?

A

-70mV

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27
Q

What is the threshold of a neuron?

A

Minimum stimulus to create action potential

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28
Q

How does a cell repolarise to normal resting membrane potential?

A

Restored by sodium potassium pump

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29
Q

What is saltatory conduction and which cells does this apply to?

A

Faster conduction - jumps between nodes of ranvier

Occurs in myelinated cells

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30
Q

What is the major extracellular cation?

A

Sodium

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31
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?

A

Potassium

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32
Q

What are the 3 meninges of the brain?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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33
Q

What 3 parts of the brain make up the brain stem?

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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34
Q

What structures make up the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon

35
Q

What structures make up the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum, pons and medulla

36
Q

What is the limbic system responsible for?

A

Emotions

37
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Motor - movement in the body

38
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Sensory cortex

39
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Visual cortex

40
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Auditory cortex, olfactory and gustatory

41
Q

What structures make up the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

42
Q

Name the structures of the brain from the cerebrum downwards

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Brain stem

43
Q

What is the basal ganglia responsible for? What condition affects this area?

A

Coordination, planning of movement

Parkinson’s disease

44
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for?

A

Sensory relay system from periphery

45
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Homeostasis

46
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Planning, programming and coordination

47
Q

What is the brain stem responsible for?

A

Heart rate centre
respiratory rate
blood vessel diameter
(cranial nerves)

48
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

49
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

50
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

51
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5

52
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

53
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

54
Q

What is the difference between sulcus and grus?

A

Sulcus is a V shape
Grus is a n shape

55
Q

What is the Bell Magendie law?

A

Dorsal root is always sensory
Ventral root is always motor

56
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord in reflexes?

A

Integrating centre (pre-ganglionic)

57
Q

What is the only hormone in positive feedback?

A

Oxytocin

58
Q

What are the 3 types of synapse?

A

Axo-dendritic
Axo-somatic
Axo-axonic

59
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Collection of nerves in somatic and autonomic branches of PNS

60
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine and noradrenaline

61
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

62
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine secretes into ducts
Endocrine secrete into blood - ductless

63
Q

What is an example of an exocrine gland?

A

Salivary glands, parotid gland

64
Q

Is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland?

A

Both. Pancreatic juice is the exocrine part

65
Q

What are the gonads?

A

Ovaries and testicles

66
Q

Which gland releases melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

67
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland release?

A

T3 and T4

68
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid release?

A

Parathyroid hormone

69
Q

What hormone does the thymus gland release?

A

Thymosin hormone
(mature T lymphocytes)

70
Q

What hormones does the pancreas release?

A

Insulin and glucagon

71
Q

What hormones does the ovaries release?

A

Oxytocin, Oestrogen

72
Q

What hormone does the testicles release?

A

Testosterone

73
Q

What are examples of steroid hormones?

A

Sex hormones, adrenal cortex hormones

74
Q

What are examples of amine hormones?

A

Melatonin, thyroid hormones

75
Q

What are examples of protein hormones?

A

Insulin, glucagon

76
Q

What are examples of glycoprotein hormones?

A

FSH, TSH

77
Q

What are examples of eicosanoid hormones?

A

Prostaglandins

78
Q

What are examples of peptide hormones?

A

Oxytocin, Vasopressin

79
Q

How do hormones work?

A

Bind to receptor and enter cell
Initiate second messenger system
Stimulate protein release

80
Q

What does autocrine mean?

A

Acts on the same cell

81
Q

What does paracrine mean?

A

Acts on nearby cells

82
Q

What does endocrine mean?

A

Acts on cells via transport in the blood

83
Q

How many cervical nerves are there?

A

8

PA1: Physiology (7 decks)

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