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PA1: Physiology > Week 1 Introduction and Homeostasis ✅ > Flashcards

Week 1 Introduction and Homeostasis ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The state of a constant internal environment

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2
Q

What factors contribute to homeostasis?

A

Osmolarity, pH, O2 and temperature

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3
Q

What is the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Process proteins

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4
Q

What is the role of soft endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Process lipids

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5
Q

What is the role of centrioles?

A

Cell division

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6
Q

What is the role of lysozomes?

A

Digestion

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7
Q

What is the role of golgi?

A

Packaging

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8
Q

What is the significance of hypertonic and hypotonic fluid with cells?

A

Fluid outside cells is hypertonic
Fluid inside cells is hypotonic

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9
Q

What is potassium involved in?

A

Cardiac contraction

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10
Q

Where are goblet cells located?

A

Intestines and lungs

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11
Q

What are the precursor of osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts

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12
Q

What are blast cells?

A

Early cells

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13
Q

Why does a sperm cell have mitochondria in its head?

A

Movement

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14
Q

What is a totipotent cell?

A

Can form any cell

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15
Q

What is a pluripotent cell?

A

Can form >200 cell types

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16
Q

What is a multipotent cell?

A

A differentiated cell but can form multiple

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17
Q

What is a unipotent cell?

A

Can only form 1 cell type

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18
Q

What triggers DNA (genes) to make certain proteins?

A

Transcription factors/regulatory proteins

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19
Q

What are the features of a stem cell?

A

Self renew and differentiate into any cell

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20
Q

What does apoptosis mean?

A

Cell death

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21
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A

Regulate communication
Keep cell membranes fluid

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22
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Engulf and bring into cell as a vesicle and recycle into cell membrane

23
Q

What kinds of molecules can cross cell layers easily and what examples?

A

Non-polar molecules e.g. O2, CO2, vitamins

24
Q

What is the purpose of trans-membrane protein channels?

A

To transport charged/polar molecules

25
Q

Which part of the bilayer is hydrophilic and which is hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic (charged) head
Hydrophobic tail
(Tails are pointed together)

26
Q

Are hormones and blood pressure under homeostatic control?

A

Yes

27
Q

Is heart rate and body fat under homeostatic control?

A

No

28
Q

Are blood gas levels under homeostatic control?

A

Yes

29
Q

What are the features of negative feedback loop?

A

Stimulus → receptors → control centre → effectors

30
Q

What does a baroreceptor measure?

A

Blood pressure

31
Q

What does a chemoreceptor measure?

A

Blood gases

32
Q

What does a thermoreceptor measure?

A

Temperature of the skin and organs

33
Q

What does an osmoreceptor measure?

A

Osmolarity

34
Q

What does a glucoreceptor measure?

A

Glucose

35
Q

Give an example of a positive feedback situation

A

Childbirth - Oxytocin

36
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

A

Positive feedback moves the changes further away until it reaches an END POINT

37
Q

When would the body temperature ‘set point’ be altered?

A

Fever

38
Q

What effect does a high temperature have on the body?

A

Stimulate WBC production and activity

39
Q

Why is the elderly and infants more susceptible to problems with heat?

A

The elderly’s hearts are not as efficient in helping to regulate temperature

Infants have a high surface area:volume so lose heat more easily

40
Q

How do we get temperature ‘in’?

A

Radiant heat
Voluntary production of heat e.g. muscles
Involuntary production of heat e.g. shivering

41
Q

How do we get temperature ‘out’?

A

Evaporation of sweat
Conduction, convection

42
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in temperature regulation?

A

Hypothalamus

43
Q

What is an ‘anticipatory’ response?

A

Sympathetic response e.g. white coat syndrome with BP, about to run a race - heart racing before even set off

44
Q

What is sensitisation?

A

Where there is more than 1 stimulus e.g. O2 and CO2 both affecting

45
Q

What is ‘feed forward’ and what is an example?

A

Similar to anticipation response but at a lower threshold

E.g. having a drink and stopping before osmoreceptors detect plasma osmolarity return

46
Q

How does behaviour affect homeostasis?

A

Babies and infants may not be able to do certain tasks

The elderly may forget to do certain tasks

47
Q

How does ‘accomodation’ affect homeostasis?

A

Changes cell sensitivity

48
Q

How does ‘acclimation’ affect homeostasis?

A

Long term adaptations - artificial means (lab)

49
Q

How does ‘acclimatisation’ affect homeostasis?

A

Long term adaptations - natural means

50
Q

How does ‘genetic adaptation’ affect homeostasis?

A

‘Survival of fittest’

51
Q

How does ‘inherited adaptation’ affect homeostasis?

A

Years of generations e.g. fat, cold environment

52
Q

How does ‘acquired adaptation’ affect homeostasis?

A

1) Mins/hours - cold, pH etc
2) Days/weeks - sweat

53
Q
A

PA1: Physiology (7 decks)

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