Week 1: Neuroanatomy Flashcards
Central Nervous System
Made up of the brain and the spinal cord
- Spinal Cord
- Brain Stem
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
Neurons
The brain is made of special cells called “neurons”. Specialized cells that generate impulses and transmit information.
Axons
Where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons. The long threadlike part of the nerve.
Gray Matter
Unmyelinated Neurons. **Composed of mostly the neuronal cell bodies. Grey matter on the surface of the brain is called myelin. The gray matter on the surface of the brain is called the cortex.
White Matter
Composed of axons surrounded by large quantities of myelin.
Myelin
a mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which impulses are conducted.
Afferent
Carry sensory information from the skin and other organs to the central nervous system
Efferent
Carry information away from the central nervous system
Ganglia
Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout the body. They are part of the peripheral nervous system and carry nerve signals to and from the central nervous system.
Interneurons
they connect spinal motor and sensory neurons. As well as transferring signals between sensory and motor neurons, interneurons can also communicate with each other, forming circuits of various complexity.
Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a long, tube-like band of tissue. It connects your brain to your lower back. Your spinal cord carries nerve signals from your brain to your body and vice versa.
Brain Stem
the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum. It is composed of three sections in descending order: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Function: breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.
Cerebellum
Movement, balance, and coordination
Diencephalon
The diencephalon is made up of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones, relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulating circadian rhythms
Thalamus
Process emotional and memory information, integrate different types of sensation (sight and touch), regulates consciousness and arousal, and attention.
Hypothalamus
Regulates growth, reproductive organs, and maintains homeostasis.
Epithalamus
Made up of pineal gland and influences the secretion of other glands like pituitary and adrenal.
Subthalamus
movement regulation along with the rest of the basal ganglia
Sulci and Gyri
The surface of the brain is made up of GYRI elevations and SULCI grooves
Lobes of the brain
Frontal: Voluntary movement, expressive language, and managing behavior
Parietal: Hearing, Taste, touch, sight, and smell
Occipital: Vision
Temporal: Processing auditory information and memory
Corpus Callosum
Connects the left and right parts of the brain (AKA hemispheres)
Basal Ganglia
Controls voluntary movements (affected in Parkinson’s)
Hippocampus
Long term memory formation and memory retrieval
Amygdala
Processing emotions
Cerebrospinal fluid
The fluid the brain is floating in. It is stored in 4 cavities called Ventricles. The fluid protects, removes waste, and delivers nutrients.
Meninges
The membranous covering of the brain and the spinal cord.
In the peripheral nervous system, ____ axons transfer information from the brain to the body.
Efferent
True or False, all sensory information is processed in the brain.
FALSE
An injury to the cerebellum would cause which of the following impairments.
Difficulty with movement and balance.
The bumpy portions on the top of the brain are called
Gyri
This anatomical feature connects the left and right parts of the brain
Corpus Callosum
Which of the following sections of the brain is responsible for long term memory formation and retrieval
Hippocampus
The ventricles are filled with which of the following
Cerebrospinal fluid
The brain is covered by which of the following
Meninges
Injury to the brain stem would result in which of the following
Difficulty controlling heart and lungs
Which of the following anatomical features influences the secretion of glands like the pituitary and adrenal glands
Pineal gland
