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BIOL104 > Week 1 monday: Intro > Flashcards

Week 1 monday: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Lemurs are primates that

A

have ancestors who floated to Madagascar about 60million years ago and diversified in a world relatively free of predators and competitors and with many different habitats.

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2
Q

biology is the scientific study of ____

A

life

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3
Q

properties of life include (7 categories)

A

order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, response to the environment, regulation, evolutionary adaptation

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4
Q

order

A

the highly ordered structure that typifies life

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5
Q

reproduction

A

the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind

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6
Q

growth and development

A

consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA

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7
Q

energy processing

A

the use of chemical energy to power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions

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8
Q

response to the environment

A

the ability to respond to environmental stimuli

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9
Q

regulation

A

the ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life

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10
Q

evolutionary adaptation

A

adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring

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11
Q

all forms of life share ___ ___

A

common properties

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12
Q

in life’s hierarchy of organization new ____ ___ at each level

A

properties emerge

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13
Q

biological organization unfolds as (11 levels BECPOOOTCOM)

A

biosphere, ecosystem, community, populations, organism, organ system, organ, tissues, cells, organelle, molecule

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14
Q

biosphere

A

all of the environments on earth that support life

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15
Q

ecosystem

A

all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organisms interact

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16
Q

community

A

the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem

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17
Q

population

A

all the individuals of a species living in a specific area

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18
Q

organism

A

an individual living thing

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19
Q

organ system

A

several organs that cooperate in a specific function

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20
Q

organ

A

a structure that is composed of tissues and that provides a specific function for the organism

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21
Q

tissues

A

a group of similar cells that perform a specific function

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22
Q

cells

A

the fundamental unit of life

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23
Q

organelle

A

a membrane-bound structure that performs a specific function in a cell

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24
Q

molecule

A

a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds

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25
Q

new properties are (2 parts)

A

a)new properties that arise in each step upward in the hierarchy of life. b)from the arrangement and interactions among component parts

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26
Q

what are the structural and functional units of life?

A

cells

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27
Q

a cell can (5 things)

A

regulate its internal environment, take in and use energy, respond to its environment, development and maintain its complex organization, and give rise to new cells

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28
Q

all cells (2 parts)

A

a)are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings. b)use DNA as their genetic information

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29
Q

what are the two basic types of cells?

A

prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

30
Q

what are prokaryotic cells?

A

they were the first to evolve, are simpler, and are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells

31
Q

what are eukaryotic cells?

A

contains membrane-enclosed organelles, including a nucleus containing DNA and are found in plants animals and fungi

32
Q

system biology models the complex interactions of biological systems ranging from (2 parts)

A

a)from the functioning of the biosphere. b)to the complex molecular machinery of a cell

33
Q

cells illustrate what other theme in biology?

A

the correlation of structure and function

34
Q

structure is related to ___ at all levels of biological organization?

A

function

35
Q

living organisms interact with their environment exchanging ___ and ___?

A

matter and energy

36
Q

living organisms interact with their environment which include (2 parts)

A

other organisms and physical factors

37
Q

in most ecosystems plants are the ___ that provide the food

A

producers

38
Q

___ eat plants and other animals

A

consumers

39
Q

___ act as recyclers, changing

A

decomposers

40
Q

the dynamics of the ecosystems include two major processes

A

a)the recycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil through producers, consumers and decomposers back to the environment. b)the one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem entering as sunlight converted to chemical energy by producers passed on to consumer and exiting as heat.

41
Q

the unity of life is based on ___ and a common ___ ____.

A

DNA and a common genetic code

42
Q

genes (3 parts)

A

a)are the unit of inheritance that transmits information from parents to offspring. b)are grouped into very long DNA molecules called chromosomes. c)control the activities of a cell.

43
Q

a species of genes are coded in the sequences of the # building blocks making up DNA’s double helix

A

4

44
Q

all forms of life use essentially the same ___ to translate the information stored in ___ into proteins

A

code, DNA

45
Q

the ___ of life arises from differences in DNA sequences

A

diversity

46
Q

the diversity in life can be arranged into 3 domains

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

47
Q

we think of biology’s enormous scope as having two dimensions

A

a)the vertical dimension is the size scale that stretches from molecules to the biosphere. b)the horizontal dimension spans across the great diversity of organisms existing now and over the long history of life on earth

48
Q

diversity is the hallmark of life: biologists have identified about # species and the estimates of the actual number of species ranges from #-#

A

1.8 million species, 10-100 million of species

49
Q

taxonomy names __ and classifies them into a system of broader groups

A

species

50
Q

bacteria are the most diverse and widespread

A

prokaryotes

51
Q

archaea are __ that often live in earth’s __ environment

A

prokaryotes, extreme

52
Q

eukarya have __ cells and include single-celled __ and ___ fungi, animals and plants

A

eukaryotic cells and include single-celled protists and multicellular fungi, animals and plants

53
Q

evolution explains the __ and ___ of life

A

unity and diversity

54
Q

the history of life as documented by fossils is a saga of a changing earth (2 parts)

A

a)billions of years old. b)inhabited by an evolving cast of life forms

55
Q

evolution accounts for life’s dual nature of __ and __

A

kinship and diversity

56
Q

in 1859 Charles Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection which articulated 2 points:

A

a)a large amount of evidence supports the idea of evolution that species living today are descendants of ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent with modification”. b)natural selection is a mechanism for evolution

57
Q

natural selection was inferred by connecting 2 observations

A

a)individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are passed on from parent to offspring. b)a population can produce far more offspring than the environment can support

58
Q

from Darwin’s observations of natural selection he inferred that: (3 parts)

A

a)those individuals with inheritable traits best be suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less well-suited individuals. b)as a result of this unequal reproductive success over many generations an increasing proportion of individuals will have the advantageous traits. c)the result will be evolutionary adaptation, the accumulation of favorable traits in a population overtime.

59
Q

scientific inquiry is used to __ and __ questions about nature

A

ask and answer

60
Q

the word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to __”

A

to know, science is a way of knowing

61
Q

scientists use 2 means of reasoning

A

inductive and deductive

62
Q

inductive reasoning is used to?

A

draw general conclusions from many observations

63
Q

deductive reasoning is to?

A

come up with ways to test a hypothesis; which is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. the logic flows from general premises to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true

64
Q

how is theory different from a hypothesis? (3 parts)

A

a theory is: a)much broader in cope than a hypothesis. b)usually general enough to generate many new, specific hypotheses which can then be tested. c)supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence.

65
Q

we solve everyday problems by using hypotheses. an example would be__?

A

the reasoning we use to answer the question “why doesn’t a flashlight work?”

66
Q

by using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem with why the flashlight does not work is either _ or _ ?

A

a)the bulb or b)the batteries. two hypothesis’ are tested in this example the bulb or the batteries

67
Q

a hypothesis must be __ and __.

A

testable and falsifiable

68
Q

science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena (2 parts)

A

a)the scope of science is limited to the study of structures and processes that we can directly observe and measure. b)hypotheses about supernatural forces or explanations are outside the bounds of science because they generate hypotheses that cannot be tested by science.

69
Q

the goal technology is to apply __ knowledge for a specific purpose

A

scientific

70
Q

evolutionary theory is useful in: (4 parts)

A

medicine, agriculture, forensics and conservation

71
Q

human-caused environmental changes are powerful selective forces that affect the evolution of many species including (4 parts)

A

antibiotic-resistant bacteria, pesticide-resistant pests, endangered species and increasing rates of extinction.

BIOL104 (10 decks)

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