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BIOL104 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

describe interphase

A

duplication of cell contents; G1-growth, S-duplication of chromosomes (DNA –>chromosome), G2-growth and division prep, nuclear envelope intact, centriole pairs together

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2
Q

describe the mitotic phase

A

division; mitosis-division of the nucleus, cytokinesis-division of cytoplasm

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3
Q

transcription

A

DNA –> mRNA

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4
Q

translation

A

mRNA –> protein

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5
Q

what are the two purposes of the mitotic spindles?

A

1) change shape of the cell (cytoskeleton) 2) attach to centromeres of chromosomes

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6
Q

prophase (mitosis)

A

centrioles begin to polarize, mitotic spindle starts to form, sister chromatids are present, nuclear envelope starts to degrade

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7
Q

late prophase/prometaphase (mitosis)

A

mitotic spindles attach to centromeres of each chromatid: kinetochore microtubules

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8
Q

metaphase (mitosis)

A

kinetochore microtubules push/pull sister chromatids to equator of cell

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9
Q

anaphase (mitosis)

A

sister chromatids separate, adhesins break down (move to poles), we talk about chromosomes again

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10
Q

describe meiosis

A

only happens in sperm/egg production (tests/ovaries), somatic cells (autosomes), sex chromosomes, haploid=23, diploid=46, zygote is a fertilized egg, *homologous chromosome separate

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11
Q

prophase I (meiosis)

A

sister chromatids exchanging genetic information (synapsis), synapsis-crossing over/intertwining and swapping genetic information, chiasma formation

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12
Q

metaphase I (meiosis)

A

kinetochore microtubles push/pull sister chromatids to equator of cell. Mendal’s law of independent assortment applies in this phase

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13
Q

anapahes I (meiosis)

A

homologous chromosomes separate, reductional division, sister chromatids remain attached

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14
Q

telophase I (meiosis)

A

chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell, cytokinesis occurs which results in the two haploid daughter cells that form *no chromosome duplication occurs between telophase I and the onset of meiosis II

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15
Q

what are the 3 things you need for an enzyme reaction?

A

angle, collision, concentration

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16
Q

enzymes __ the activation energy

A

lower

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17
Q

enzymes have a specific shape known as __ & __

A

lock & key

18
Q

an attraction between reactants and the enzyme is an __

A

affinity

19
Q

what 3 events involves hormone signaling??

A

reception, signal transduction, response

20
Q

explain the difference between a steroid hormone and a protein hormone?

A

there is always a receptor for a steroid hormone and they do not involve a second messenger

21
Q

explain the parathyroid hormone

A

it regulates calcium blood levels, PTH raises the calcium level in the blood and stimulates bone deconstruction. calcitonin and PTH are antagonist-they work together in opposite effects

22
Q

explain osteoblasts in relation to blood calcium

A

build; low PTH stimulates osteoclasts

23
Q

explain osteoclasts in relation to blood calcium

A

breaks; high PTH stimulates osteoblasts

24
Q

insulin makes cells better to remove __ from the blood

A

glucose

25
Q

glucose is a molecule that stimulates blood regulation which involves __

A

insulin

26
Q

name the 3 places that insulin is stored?

A

liver, muscle, fat

27
Q

__ is sensitive to insulin?

A

hypothalumus

28
Q

__ is an antagonist to insulin because it inhibits it

A

glucagon

29
Q

DNA replication follows what model?

A

semiconservative; half the DNA is the original DNA and the other half is the replicated DNA

30
Q

what is DNA ploymerase?

A

the new half template to fuse with the original DNA

31
Q

__ unwinds the DNA helix so the polymerase can fuse to the original DNA strands

A

helocase

32
Q

DNA polymerase reads _’ - _’ and writes _’ - _’

A

reads: 3’-5’, writes: 5’-3’

33
Q

leading strand in DNA is __

A

continuous

34
Q

lagging strand in DNA is __

A

discontinuous

35
Q

DNA occurs in what phase of the cell cycle?

A

S-synthesis phase

36
Q

what is T1DM (type 1 Diabetes Mellitus)?

A

insulin sensitive, follows the glycemic index, beta cells die, autoimmune disease, insulin injections required-not enough insulin is produced, result in gaining weight

37
Q

what is T2DM (type 2 Diabetes Mellitus)?

A

insulin resistant, insufficient insulin produced and or action, result in loosing weight

38
Q

whats an example of hormones changing gene expression?

A

pineal gland:a hormone that coordinates itself for sexual reproduction. gland releases testosterone –>changes cellular formation –>protein expression changes. The DNA of the boy has not changed but his protein expression (phenotype) has.

39
Q

how else do hormones influence body processes( physiology?

A

receptors, enzymes, and structural = allow your function and phenotype to change

40
Q

what is the difference between humural vs hormonal hormones?*

A

humoral (antagonists): insulin/glucagon or insulin/cortisol (anabolic and catabolic processes). hormonal (agonists): estrogen/progesterone, adrenaline/cortisol, insulin/growth hormone (anabolic processes)

41
Q

what is the difference between homologous pairs and sister chromatids?

A

sister chromatids: contain 2 copies of the DNA molecule in which it replicated. homologous pairs: 2 chromosomes that both carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristic (1 from mom, 1 from dad)

42
Q

what are the two Mendalian laws?

A

1) law of segregation; 2) law of independent assortment

BIOL104 (10 decks)

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