Final Exam

Question 1

describe interphase

Answer 1

duplication of cell contents; G1-growth, S-duplication of chromosomes (DNA –>chromosome), G2-growth and division prep, nuclear envelope intact, centriole pairs together

Question 2

describe the mitotic phase

Answer 2

division; mitosis-division of the nucleus, cytokinesis-division of cytoplasm

Question 3

transcription

Answer 3

DNA –> mRNA

Question 4

translation

Answer 4

mRNA –> protein

Question 5

what are the two purposes of the mitotic spindles?

Answer 5

1) change shape of the cell (cytoskeleton) 2) attach to centromeres of chromosomes

Question 6

prophase (mitosis)

Answer 6

centrioles begin to polarize, mitotic spindle starts to form, sister chromatids are present, nuclear envelope starts to degrade

Question 7

late prophase/prometaphase (mitosis)

Answer 7

mitotic spindles attach to centromeres of each chromatid: kinetochore microtubules

Question 8

metaphase (mitosis)

Answer 8

kinetochore microtubules push/pull sister chromatids to equator of cell

Question 9

anaphase (mitosis)

Answer 9

sister chromatids separate, adhesins break down (move to poles), we talk about chromosomes again

Question 10

describe meiosis

Answer 10

only happens in sperm/egg production (tests/ovaries), somatic cells (autosomes), sex chromosomes, haploid=23, diploid=46, zygote is a fertilized egg, *homologous chromosome separate

Question 11

prophase I (meiosis)

Answer 11

sister chromatids exchanging genetic information (synapsis), synapsis-crossing over/intertwining and swapping genetic information, chiasma formation

Question 12

metaphase I (meiosis)

Answer 12

kinetochore microtubles push/pull sister chromatids to equator of cell. Mendal’s law of independent assortment applies in this phase

Question 13

anapahes I (meiosis)

Answer 13

homologous chromosomes separate, reductional division, sister chromatids remain attached

Question 14

telophase I (meiosis)

Answer 14

chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell, cytokinesis occurs which results in the two haploid daughter cells that form *no chromosome duplication occurs between telophase I and the onset of meiosis II

Question 15

what are the 3 things you need for an enzyme reaction?

Answer 15

angle, collision, concentration

Question 16

enzymes __ the activation energy

Answer 16

lower

Question 17

enzymes have a specific shape known as __ & __

Answer 17

lock & key

Question 18

an attraction between reactants and the enzyme is an __

Answer 18

affinity

Question 19

what 3 events involves hormone signaling??

Answer 19

reception, signal transduction, response

Question 20

explain the difference between a steroid hormone and a protein hormone?

Answer 20

there is always a receptor for a steroid hormone and they do not involve a second messenger

Question 21

explain the parathyroid hormone

Answer 21

it regulates calcium blood levels, PTH raises the calcium level in the blood and stimulates bone deconstruction. calcitonin and PTH are antagonist-they work together in opposite effects

Question 22

explain osteoblasts in relation to blood calcium

Answer 22

build; low PTH stimulates osteoclasts

Question 23

explain osteoclasts in relation to blood calcium

Answer 23

breaks; high PTH stimulates osteoblasts

Question 24

insulin makes cells better to remove __ from the blood

Answer 24

glucose

Question 25

glucose is a molecule that stimulates blood regulation which involves __

Answer 25

insulin

Question 26

name the 3 places that insulin is stored?

Answer 26

liver, muscle, fat

Question 27

__ is sensitive to insulin?

Answer 27

hypothalumus

Question 28

__ is an antagonist to insulin because it inhibits it

Answer 28

glucagon

Question 29

DNA replication follows what model?

Answer 29

semiconservative; half the DNA is the original DNA and the other half is the replicated DNA

Question 30

what is DNA ploymerase?

Answer 30

the new half template to fuse with the original DNA

Question 31

__ unwinds the DNA helix so the polymerase can fuse to the original DNA strands

Answer 31

helocase

Question 32

DNA polymerase reads _' - _' and writes _' - _'

Answer 32

reads: 3'-5', writes: 5'-3'

Question 33

leading strand in DNA is __

Answer 33

continuous

Question 34

lagging strand in DNA is __

Answer 34

discontinuous

Question 35

DNA occurs in what phase of the cell cycle?

Answer 35

S-synthesis phase

Question 36

what is T1DM (type 1 Diabetes Mellitus)?

Answer 36

insulin sensitive, follows the glycemic index, beta cells die, autoimmune disease, insulin injections required-not enough insulin is produced, result in gaining weight

Question 37

what is T2DM (type 2 Diabetes Mellitus)?

Answer 37

insulin resistant, insufficient insulin produced and or action, result in loosing weight

Question 38

whats an example of hormones changing gene expression?

Answer 38

pineal gland:a hormone that coordinates itself for sexual reproduction. gland releases testosterone -->changes cellular formation -->protein expression changes. The DNA of the boy has not changed but his protein expression (phenotype) has.

Question 39

how else do hormones influence body processes( physiology?

Answer 39

receptors, enzymes, and structural = allow your function and phenotype to change

Question 40

what is the difference between humural vs hormonal hormones?*

Answer 40

humoral (antagonists): insulin/glucagon or insulin/cortisol (anabolic and catabolic processes). hormonal (agonists): estrogen/progesterone, adrenaline/cortisol, insulin/growth hormone (anabolic processes)

Question 41

what is the difference between homologous pairs and sister chromatids?

Answer 41

sister chromatids: contain 2 copies of the DNA molecule in which it replicated. homologous pairs: 2 chromosomes that both carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristic (1 from mom, 1 from dad)

Question 42

what are the two Mendalian laws?

Answer 42

1) law of segregation; 2) law of independent assortment