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PSYC 388 > Week 1 (Modules 1 -2) > Flashcards

Week 1 (Modules 1 -2) Flashcards

1
Q

“chronobiology” comes from which Greek words?

A 
"chrono" = time
"bios" = life
"logos' = study
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2
Q

What is chronobiology?

A

The study of biological rhythms from the hours to years range

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3
Q

What type of biological rhythm has been the most extensively researched, and why?

A

Circadian rhythms, because they are the most relevant to humans

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4
Q

What is a biological rhythm?

A

Any biological process, including behaviour, that repeats at regular intervals

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5
Q

Which two domains can a rhythm be described in?

A

time or frequency

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6
Q

In the time domain, a rhythm is said to have a _____, which is ______

A
  • period

- the time needed to complete one full cycle

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7
Q

The reciprocal of period is _____, which is _____

A
  • frequency

- the number of cycles per unit of time

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8
Q

Biological rhythms with a period of less than 24 are called:

A

ultradian

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9
Q

Biological rhythms with a period of 24 are called:

A

daily rhythms

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10
Q

Biological rhythms with a period of more than 24 are called:

A

infradian

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11
Q

What are “circa” rhythms?

A

Rhythms whose periods resemble a naturally occurring cycle in the environment

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12
Q

Circatidal rhythms have a period of about _____ and approximate ______

A
  • 12.5 hours

- tides

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13
Q

Circadian rhythms have a period of about _____ and approximate ______

A
  • 24 hours

- the solar day

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14
Q

Circalunar rhythms have a period of about _____ and approximate ______

A
  • 29.5 days

- the lunar month

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15
Q

Circannual rhythms have a period of about _____ and approximate ______

A
  • 1 year

- the solar year

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16
Q

What 2 things are unique about the “circa” rhythms?

A
  • they resemble some type of environmental cycle

- they can persist for some time without the presence of these cycles

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17
Q

What are 2 implications of the persistence of rhythms?

A
  • the rhythms must be generated by some internal clock (biological oscillator)
  • the rhythms must synchronize with the environment through entrainment
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18
Q

What is a time series?

A

A sequence of data points collected over time

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19
Q

What is an acrophase?

A

The peak of the cosine wave on a graph

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20
Q

What is the difference between daily rhythms and circadian rhythms?

A

Circadian rhythms are caused by a biological clock, while daily rhythms can be performed solely due to light and dark phases; all circadian rhythms are daily rhythms, but not vice versa

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21
Q

What does zeitgedachnis mean?

A

Time memory in German

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22
Q

Why would bees need an internal clock that remembers the same time every day?

A

Flowers open and close around the same time each day due to sunlight – and flowers attract bees

23
Q

What type of organism was brought on the first space science mission?

A

Neurospora crassa, or bread mold

24
Q

What type of animal did Simpson and Galbraith study?

A

Macaque monkeys

25
Q

What is a kymograph and who invented it?

A

A device to measure human blood pressure, invented in the 1840’s by Carl Ludwig

26
Q

What did Curt Richter do?

A

Performed the first study of daily rhythms of rats in the 1920s

27
Q

What is an actogram (or raster plot)?

A

Placing daily charts of activity beneath each other

28
Q

What revolutionized data acquisition in the 1980s?

A

The invention of the personal microcomputer

29
Q

What is a free run?

A

A rhythm that persists in a time-free environment

30
Q

What is a continuous waveform?

A

The magnitude of each data point is on the vertical axis, and the time of each data point is on the horizontal axis

31
Q

What is a period (tau)?

A

the duration of a complete cycle

32
Q

What is entrainment?

A

The process in which a rhythm becomes synchronized with an environmental cycle

33
Q

Zeitgeber

A

any periodic stimulus that can entrain a circadian rhythm

34
Q

What do alpha and rho represent?

A

The daily active and rest phases

35
Q

amplitude

A

the difference between the peak and the trough

36
Q

Zeitgeber time

A

external time

37
Q

photoperiod

A

the daily light period

38
Q

scotoperiod

A

the daily dark period

39
Q

What constitutes the validity of a curve fitting?

A

How close the data is to the sine wave

40
Q

What is an example of sleep-dependent circadian rhythms in humans?

A

Blood levels of grown hormones

41
Q

What is an example of sleep-independent circadian rhythms in humans?

A

Blood levels of melatonin

42
Q

What is temperature compensation

A

How the body maintains its circadian rhythm despite changes in body temperature, which can speed up or slow down processes

43
Q

What does endogenous mean?

A

internal to the organism

44
Q

What does innate mean?

A

genetically determined

45
Q

Circadian rhythms are both ____ and _____

A
  • endogenous

- innate

46
Q

Circadian rhythms were largely ignored by the sciences until ____

A

the 1970’s

47
Q

An internal homeostatic mechanism biases certain behaviours for ____ and some for _____

A
  • night

- day

48
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The mechanisms which maintain internal physiological conditions within the range necessary for life

49
Q

What is behavioural ecology?

A

The study of how animals adapt behaviorally to environmental niches

50
Q

What are chronotypes?

A

The particular temporal niche that an animal is adapted to

51
Q

What is shiftwork disorder?

A

The inability to sleep in the day and stay awake at night

52
Q

What is chronotherapeutics?

A

Finding the right dose of medicine based on the time of day to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity

53
Q

What is a biological oscillator?

A

The internal clock that controls biological rhythms

PSYC 388 (13 decks)

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