Module 13

Question 1

What are the three types of processes that regulate sleep?

Answer 1

Circadian, ultradian, homeostatic

Question 2

_____ sleep occurs first, in ____ stages

Answer 2

• NREM

- 3

Question 3

How long does one REMS-NREMS cycle take in adult humans?

Answer 3

90 minutes

Question 4

REMS per cycle is at its maximum when _____, which is around _____

Answer 4

• Body temperature is at its lowest point

- 2 hours before the end of sleep

Question 5

The circadian process can be represented by a ____ wave

Answer 5

Sine

Question 6

What is the homeostatic process responsible for in terms of sleep?

Answer 6

The increase of sleepiness the longer we stay awake and the changes in sleep that occur after prolonged periods of waking

Question 7

What are corrective repsonses?

Answer 7

Behaviour associated with a motivational state, which directs behaviour towards the appropriate environmental stimuli

Question 8

The homeostatic process can be represented by a curve that ________

Answer 8

Increases non-linearly during wake and decreases non-linearly during sleep

Question 9

The timing and duration of sleep bouts are dominated by ______, and the sleep intensity is dominated by ______

Answer 9

• the circadian process

- a homeostatic process

Question 10

How is sleep in humans divided?

Answer 10

3-4 NREM stages and 1 REM stage

Question 11

What are the 5 types of experiments used to determine how sleep in humans is regulated?

Answer 11

• Wake extension studies
• Temporal isolation studies (internal synchrony)
• Temporal isolation studies (internal desynchrony)
• Ultrashort sleep-wake cycles
• Forced desynchrony

Question 12

During wake extension studies, after how much sleep deprivation did subjects sleep the most and least?

Answer 12

• Least: 8-12 hours

- Most: 16-20 hours

Question 13

What are temporal isolation studies with internal synchrony?

Answer 13

Studies where subjects are kept for prolonged periods of time without knowledge of what time it is, with their sleep-wake and temperature cycles in synchrony

Question 14

Temporal isolation studies with internal synchrony show that ________, possibly because ______

Answer 14

• The duration of each sleep bout is negatively correlated with length of sleep deprivation
• The longer you spend awake, the less time there is to sleep in each cycle

Question 15

What is spontaneous internal desynchrony and how does it occur?

Answer 15

• When body temperature rhythms are not synchronized with sleep-wake rhythms
• Occurs when subjects are kept in temporal isolation for many weeks

Question 16

During internal desynchrony, sleep-wake cycles are usually _____, while body temperature cycles are usually ______

Answer 16

• Much longer than 25 hours (35-40)

- 25 hours or a little less

Question 17

The longest sleep episodes are ones that started at _____ and shortest are ones that started at _____

Answer 17

• body temperature maximum

- body temperature minimum

Question 18

Sleep-related accidents are least likely to occur during _____ and more likely to occur during _____

Answer 18

• wake maintenance zones (mid-morning/mid-evening)

- times of preferred sleep onset (night/mid-afternoon)

Question 19

Lavie examined circadian regulation of sleep by _____

Answer 19

Measuring sleep in subjects kept on a 21-minute sleep-wake cycle

Question 20

When desynchronized, sleep latency is lowest ______ and highest ______

Answer 20

• near the end of our daily wake phase

- near the end of our daily sleep phase

Question 21

What parameters are affected by sleep deprivation?

Answer 21

• Sleep latency (fall asleep quicker)
• Sleep consolidation (wake up less during sleep)
• Arousal threshold (harder to wake a sleeping person up)
• Sleep stages 3-4 (more slow waves to make up for deprived sleep)
• REM (less dramatic, slow waves have priority)