Week 1: Lecture & Chapters (1, 3, 4, 5) Flashcards
1
Q
”What is Health & Medical Psychology?” (7 categories)
A
o Body & Mind o Chronic disease o Capacity & Empowerment o Prevention & Health promotion o Stress & Disease o eHealth & Self-Management
2
Q
“What is the definition of Health?”
o Lay Perception of Health:
o WHO Definition of Health:
A
Lay Perception:
- Not ill: no symptoms / no doctor visits
- Reserve/Resources: strong family, recover quickly
- Behavior: look after self
- Physical Fitness and Vitality: energetic
- Psychological well-being: in harmony, balance, proud, enjoyment
- Function: do what I want/have to do
WHO definition:
- “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity”
- not been changed since 1948, although criticism has been forwarded
3
Q
“Why Encourage a Healthy Lifestyle?”
–> 4 Reasons
A
Reason 1: Health behavior is related to morbidity and mortality
Reason 2: Socio-demographical differences in health behavior increase socio-economic differences
Reason 3: The prevalence of risk behaviors is high
Reason 4: Health behavior is not always an informed choice
4
Q
“How Can We Explain/Understand Health Behavior?” (3 parts)
A
(1) Getting motivated
(2) Preparing for action & change
(3) Staying on track
5
Q
“Models of Understanding MOTIVATION ”
A
o Health Belief Model
o Social Cognitive Theory
o Reasoned Action Approach (& Theory of Planned Behavior)
6
Q
”Theory to Understand Content of Motivation”
A
o Self-Determination Theory
7
Q
“Theory that Highlights the Importance of Volition”
A
o Health Action Process Approach
8
Q
“Theories distinguishing between automatic & reflective processes”
A
o Dual process models
9
Q
“Integrative Models for Understanding (health) Behavior”
A
o COM-B model
o Theoretical Domains Framework
10
Q
“Theories Preparing for Action & Change”
A
o Self-Determination Theory
o Health Action Process Approach
11
Q
“Theories Useful to “Stay On Track””
A
o Dual-Process Theories
o Reflective Impulsive Model
12
Q
“ The resolution of the conflict depends on the strength of the activation for each schema” (Strack & Deutsch, 2004)
(6 parts, one stronger effect than other, which?)
A
o Cognitive Capacity/ working memory o Self-control o Impulsivity o Alcohol o Emotions o Habit Strength --> Habits has strong effect
13
Q
“Mind-Body Problem: Hippocrates”
A
= mind and body as one unit - attributed illness to the balance between four circulating bodily fluids (humors): - yellow bile - phlegm - blood - black bile
14
Q
“Mind-Body Problem: Galen”
A
= Mind and body are interrelated, but only in terms of physical and mental
disturbances both having an underlying physical cause
15
Q
“Early Middle Ages and the View on Health”
A
- health became increasingly tied to faith and spirituality, illness was seen as a punishment from God or evil spirits
16
Q
“Renaissance and the View on Health”
A
- individual thinking became increasingly dominant (religious perspective became less influencial)
17
Q
“Scientific revolution and the View on Health”
A
- understanding of the human
body. - explanations for illness, organic and physiological, with little room or psychological explanations
18
Q
“17th century: Descartes”
A
- mind and body are separate entities, but
they interact
19
Q
“Challenging Dualism:”
- Monism:
- Freud:
A
Monism: one type of matter, but it can be perceived int two different ways:
- Objectively (Phantom limb pain, placebo effect etc.)
- Subjectively (Beliefs, expectations, and emotions interact with bodily reactions)
Freud: mind-body problem as one of consciousness and postulated the
existence of an unconscious mind
- Unconscious conflicts as cause of physical disturbances
- Psychosomatic medicine
20
Q
“Fall in mortality in developed world due to”
A
…environmental and social changes over time, including developments in education in agriculture
21
Q
“Physical causes of death also have changed dramatically: past vs today”
A
Past – infectious diseases
Today – heart, lung, and respiratory diseases, dementias
22
Q
““Lay Theories of Health”:”
A
- A general sense of well-being; → feeling
- Absence of symptoms of disease; → symptom orientation
- Measure of what a physically fit person is able to do → performance
23
Q
“Collectivist vs. individualist approaches”
A
Cultures promoting an interdependent self = more likely to view health in terms of social functioning rather than simply personal functioning, fitness, etc.
24
Q
“Successful ageing: 5 progressively more inclusive models of successful ageing:”
A
- Biomedical model
- Broader biomedical model
- Social functioning model
- Psychological resources model
- Lay model
25
“Health psychology and other fields: (6 parts)”
```
o Psychosomatic
o Behavioral medicine
o Medical psychology
o Medical sociology
o Clinical psychology
o Health psychology
```
26
“Top ten risk factors for death globally account for more than a third of all deaths worldwide”
1. High blood pressure
2. Tobacco consumption
3. High blood glucose
4. Physical inactivity
5. Overweight and obesity
6. High cholesterol
7. Unsafe sex
8. Alcohol consumption
9. Childhood underweight
10. Indoor smoke from solid fuels
27
“Alcohol: = stimulant: Low vs High dose”
commonly perceived as a stimulant, it is in fact a CNS depressant
o Low dose – behavioral inhibition
o High dose – increased risk of accident
28
“Psychological reasons for continuing substance use”
o Pleasure / enjoyment
o Habit
o Stress-management (coping/anxiety)
o Lack of belief in the ability to stop
29
“Obesity is a major risk factor in a range of physical illnesses (7 parts)”
```
o Hypertension
o heart disease
o type 2 diabetes
o osteoarthritis
o respiratory problems
o lower back pain
o some forms of cancer
```
30
- Primary Prevention
- Secondary Prevention
- Tertiary Prevention
- Primary: (problem prevention)
- -> healthy people
- Secondary: (screening, early treatment)
- -> people w. increased risk for disease
- Tertiary: (revalidation)
- -> Ill people
31
Cohort studies: Alameda 7
o Sleeping 7-8 hours a night
o Eating breakfast
o Exercising
o Maintaining desirable weight for height
o Not smoking
o Avoid snacks
o Drinking less than five drinks in one sitting
32
- Behavioral pathogens
| - Behavioral immunogens
Beh. pathogens = health risk
| Beh. immunogens = health protective
33
Self-efficacy
"The belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the source of action required to manage prospective situations"
o Source of:
- Own experience
- Vicarious experience
- Verbal persuasion
- Emotional arousal
o Effects of:
- Choice (approach vs. avoid)
- Effort and persistence
- Thinking & decision making
- Emotional reactions (stress, anxiety)
34
Habits
- Positive:
- Negative:
Habits: No intention or planning required
Positive:
--> Efficient: use attention + resources for other things
--> Easy: don’t have to think about it / make difficult decisions
Negative:
- -> Difficulty changing: automatic activation (despite strong intentions!)
- -> No effect on strength + automatic cue-response association, despite change of intensions.
35
Trephination
back in the days a hole is was made in order to release evil spirits which was believed to have entered the body from outside and caused disease
36
Bodily Fluids (Humors)
```
attributed illness to the balance between four circulating bodily fluids (humors):
yellow bile
phlegm
blood
black bile
```
37
```
Dualism
Monism
Empiricism
Reductionist
Mechanistic
```
Dualism: mind and body are separate entities.
```
Monism: one type of matter, but can be perceived int two different ways:
o Objectively (phantom limb pain, placebo effect, …)
o Subjectively (beliefs, expectations, and emotions)
```
Empiricism: all knowledge can be obtained through experience.
Reductionist: mind, matter, and human behavior can all be reduced and explained at, the level of cells, neural activity, or biochemical activity.
Mechanistic: A reductionist approach that reduces behavior to the level of the organ or physical function
38
- Mortality
| - Morbidity
Mortality: : Generally presented as mortality statistics, i.e. the number of deaths in a given
population and/or in a given year ascribed to a given condition.
Morbidity: Costs associated with illness such as disability, injury.
39
- Incidence
| - Prevalence
Incidence: The number of new cases of disease occurring during a defined time interval. (new cases + defined time)
Prevalence: The number of established cases of a disease in a population at any one time. (established cases + any time)
40
Holistic approaches
Concerned with the whole being and its well-being, rather than addressing the purely physical or observable.
41
Stigma can influence ...
...disclosure of symptoms and health-seeking behavior
42
Epidemiology
```
The study of patterns of disease in various populations and the association with other factors such as lifestyle factors.
Key concepts include:
o Mortality & morbidity
o Prevalence & incidence
o Absolute risk & relative risk
```
43
Self-concept
That knowledge, conscious thoughts, and beliefs about yourself that allow you to feel you are distinct form others and that you exist as a separate person.
o Relatively stable through ageing
44
Carcinogenesis
The process by which normal cells become cancer cells
45
Endorphins
Naturally occurring opiate-like chemicals released in the brain and spinal cord. They reduce the experience of pain and can induce feelings of relaxation or pleasure. Associated with the so-called “runner’s high”.
46
Behaviorism
brought with it new methods of treatment for those with addiction problems that drew from the principles of social learning theory and conditioning theory
47
- Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) = bad cholesterol
| - High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) = good cholesterol
- (LDL) = bad cholesterol.
- when circulating in the bloodstream, can lead to the formation of plaques in the arteries
- (HDLs) = good cholesterol
- appears to increase the processing and removal of LDLs by the liver
48
Arteriosclerosis
Loss of elasticity and hardening of the arteries.
49
- Systolic blood pressure
| - Diastolic blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure of blood on the artery walls, which occurs at the end of the left ventricle output/contraction.
Diastolic blood pressure: The minimum pressure of the blood on the walls of the arteries between heartbeats.
50
- Compliance
- Adherence
- Concordance
Compliance: Patient medicine taking which conforms with doctor’s orders
Adherence: Patient sticks to / cooperates with advice about medication in a more collaborative practitioner-patient relationship. A process influenced by individual and environmental factors including health-care practices and system influences.
Concordance: A jointly determined agreement between physician and patient as to what is the appropriate treatment, following the patient having been fully informed of the costs and benefits of adhering to their particular treatment.
51
- Patient-related factors
- Condition-related factors
- Treatment-related factors
- Socio-economic factors
- System-related factors
Patient-related factors: culture, age, personality, knowledge, personal and cultural beliefs, attitudes towards illness and medicines, self-efficacy beliefs
Condition-related factors: symptom type, perceived severity, presence or absence of pain, presence of comorbidities, prognosis
Treatment-related factors: number, type, timing, frequency, and duration of dosage of medications, presence and extent of side-effects, expense
Socio-economic factors: low educational level, costs of treatment, access to dispensing pharmacy, social isolation
System-related factors: communications with healthcare provider regarding medicines, necessity or function, presence of traditional healing beliefs, and systems
52
Antioxidants
Chemical properties (polyphenols) of some substances (e.g. red wine) thought to inhibit the process of oxidation.
53
Exercise (mood)
- -> Catecholamines (brain neurotransmitters)
- nordrenaline
- adrenaline
Stimulation of the release of catecholamines (brain neurotransmitters) such as noradrenaline and adrenaline, which counter any stress response and enhance mood
54
Developmental theories:
| - The developmental process (3 factors) & Eight major life stages which vary across different dimensions (4 parts)
The developmental process:
Learning
Experience
Maturation
```
Eight major life stages, which vary across different dimensions:
Cognitive and intellectual functioning
Language and communication skills
The understanding of illness
Health care and maintenance behavior
```
55
Piaget proposed a staged structure that all individuals follow in sequence: (4 parts)
o Sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
- -> infant, understands the world through sensations and movement
- -> lacks symbolic through
o Preoperational (2-7 years)
- -> symbolic thought develops by around age 2
- -> thereafter simple logical thinking and language develop
- -> generally egocentric
o Concrete operational (7-11 years)
- -> abstract thought and logical develop
- -> can perform mental operations and manipulate objects
o Formal operational (12+)
- -> abstract through and imagination develop, as does deductive reasoning
- -> Not everyone may attain this level
56
Biomedical model
based on physical and psychiatric functioning; diagnoses and functional ability
(underlying pathology, neural and/or biochemical activity)
- Exposure to contagious agents
- Insufficient immune response
--> Health behaviors (sleep, nutrition, etc.)
--> Stress/emotions
--> Social relations (support, conflict
57
Biopsychosocial model
- Body and mind in interaction determine health and illness
- Consequences of interplay of biological (genes, pathogens), psychological (emotions, cognition, and behavior), and social (norms, social cultural
background) factors
- The different systems influence each other continuously
58
Health Belief Model
The HBM proposes that the likelihood that a person will engage in particular health
behavior depends on demographic factors
- Four beliefs that may arise following a particular internal or external cue to action:
o Perception of threat
- -> Perceived severity
- -> Perceived susceptibility
o Behavioral evaluation
- -> Perceived benefits
- -> Perceived barriers
o Cues to action
- -> External
- -> Internal
o Health motivation
59
Social Cognitive Theory
According to Bandura, behavior is determined by three types of individual expectancies:
o Situation-outcomes expectancies
o Outcome expectancies
o Self-efficacy beliefs
It is a model of social knowledge and behavior that
highlights the explanatory role of cognitive factors.
It suggests that patients can learn self-management skills from practice and watching others, and that success in achieving control leads to increased confidence and continued application of new skills
60
Theory of Reasoned Action Approach/ Theory of Planned Behavior/ Reasoned Action Approach
assume that social behavior is determined by a person’s beliefs about behavior in given social contexts and by their social perceptions and outcome
expectations and not simply by their cognitions or attitudes
- Stage 1:
o Background factors
- Stage 2:
o Behavioral beliefs
o Normative beliefs
o Control beliefs
- Stage 3:
o Attitude toward behavior
o Percived norm
o Percieved behavioral control (affect between stage 4 & 5)
- Stage 4:
o Intention
- Between stage 4 & 5
o Actual control (affect “percieved behavioral control)
```
- Stage 5:
o Behavior (affect “behavioral beliefs” & “control beliefs” in stage 2)
```
61
Self-Determination Theory
This theory considers the extent to which behavior is self-motivated (i.e. by intrinsic factors) and influenced by the core needs of autonomy, competence, and psychological relatedness.
62
Health Action Process Approach
Hybrid model having both statis and staged qualities
- Attempts to fill the intention-behavior gap by highlighting the role of post-motivational self-efficacy and action planning
- It suggests that the adoption, initiation, and maintenance of health behavior must be
explicitly viewed as a process that consists of at least a pre-intentional motivation phase and a post-intentional volition phase which leads to the actual behavior
63
Dual-Process Theories
automatic vs reflective processes
Type 1 (instinctive) = old mind
Type 2 (reflective) = new mind
64
Reflective Impulsive Model
o Reflective system: (“think”)
- Explicit, controlled, concscious, reasoned
- Knowledge, facts, values
- Intentions
o Impulsive system: (“feel”)
- Implicit, uncontrolled, unconscious, automatic, associative
- Habits
- Impulses
65
COM-B Model
o Capability
- Affect: motivation
- Interacts w. Behavior
o Motivation
- Interacts w. Behavior
o Opportunity
- Affect: motivation
- Interacts w. Behavior
o Behavior
- Interacts w. all above
(Capability + Motivation + Opportunity = Behavior)
66
Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF)
o Opportunity
- Social
- Physical
o Motivation
- Reflective
- Automatic
o Capability
- Physical
- Psychological
