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Child Health > Week 1 L1-5 > Flashcards

Week 1 L1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Give 5 reasons why play is important in childrens development?

A
  • helps children deveop emotionaly, socially, intellectually and physically
  • learn about their environment through practice of skills
  • helps form their on identity and to exercise control
  • express fears an fantasy and communicate these
  • in hospital, play introduces normality in a strange environment
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2
Q

What are the 2 benefits of play therapy?

A

Encourages children to play out their frustrations and tensions
Negative feelings an be displaced onto toys

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3
Q

What leads the 3 phases of child growth in terms of nutrition?

A

Infant (nutrient led)
Child (growth-hormone led)
Pubertal (sex-steroid led)

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4
Q

Define the EAR?

A

Estimated average requirement = used for energy requirements of a population. About 1/2 will need more and 1/2 will need less

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5
Q

What is the reference nutrient intake?

A

RNI = Sufficient for 97% of the population

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6
Q

What is the LRNI?

A

Lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI) = suffiient for the 3% of the population with lowest needs

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7
Q

What are the UK guidelines in terms of physical activity for <18 year olds?

A

infants not yet walking - encourage from birth, floor and water based activities
children capable of walking - 180 minutes throughout the day
5-18 years - >60 mins/day of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity

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8
Q

What is so important for the development of all <18 year olds in terms of activity?

A

Minimal time spent being sedentary

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9
Q

For how long is exclusive breast feeding recommened?

A

first 6 months of an infants life

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10
Q

After the 6 months of breast feeding, what is reommended?

A

Whey based formula for a year

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11
Q

In terms of milk, when should each type be introduced to an infant?

A

Full fat cows milk - as a drink from12 months
Semi skimmed - from 2 year
Skimmed - from 5 years

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12
Q

The first food stuffs a child had should ideally contain?

A

Gluten free
low salt
no added salt or sugar
allergy causing foods should be introduced one at a time
foods rich in absorbable meat should be given regularly

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13
Q

In early childhood what are children vulnerable to? How does this differ from school age children?

A 
acute illness 
school age children:
chronic disease 
disordered eating patterns 
supply/demand imbalance
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14
Q

What are adolesents vulnerable to?

A

eating disorders
obesity
early pregnancy

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15
Q

How can nutrition in infancy affect future health?

A

faltering growth - evidence of neglect and deprivation

obesity - assciated with maternal obesity, early weaning and rapid weight gain in first 2 months

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16
Q

Give some social and cultural factors that may affect weaning practices and food choices?

A

early solids - deprived areas
fewer car owners - can’t get to decent food
poor housing - poor food storage and preparation
less education - no knowledge of good food and what is required for children
unemployment - affordability of foods

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17
Q

List some public health nutrition interventions.

A 
healthy start 
child healthy weight 
childsmile 
community food programmes 
physical activity programmes
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18
Q

What is standard deviation a measure of?

A

Variability

19
Q

How does a child show normal growth?

A

measurements are in normal range compared to children their age
rate of growth is within the normal range compared to children their age

20
Q

When is the child describes as being “on the x centile?”

A

the point is exactly on the centile line or within 1/4 centile space of the line
If not then “between centile x and y”

21
Q

How should children be weighed properly?

A

Babies - without nappy or clothes

> 2 years - weighed in vest and pants only

22
Q

How should head circumference be measured?

A

Using a narrow plastic or disposable paper tape where the head circumference is widest

23
Q

What equipment is needed for length to be measured?

A

length board or mat - 2 measurments and average taken

24
Q

When and how should height be measured?

A

From 2 years with rigid rule with T piece or stadiometer

25
Q

What is the average for boys and girls to enter puberty?

A

Girls - 11 years

Boys - 11 years 6 months

26
Q

When is PHV for boys and girls?

A

Boys - G4-5 14 years

Girls - B2-3 12 years

27
Q

Define true central precocious puberty?

A

normal pubertal development occurring abnormally early < 8 years for girls and < 9 years for boys

28
Q

Define delayed puberty.

A

the absence of secondary sexual development in a girl aged 13 or a boy aged 14 years.

29
Q

What is genetic short stature?

A

healthy, well child who has inherited short stature from parents. No underlying endocrine abnormality and normal bone age.

30
Q

What is a constitutional growth delay?

A

late maturation causing short stature. Cause usually unknown. May be genetic short stature component. Tends to present around puberty with delayed onset.

31
Q

Give other causes of short stature.

A

dysmorphic syndromes, endocrine disorders, chronic diseases, psychosocial deprivation.

32
Q

What is the obsogenic environment?

A

Used to describe the modern environment that encourages both foods high in energy density but low in nutrients and decreased physical activity levels

33
Q

If a child is on the 91st centile what are they classed as?

A

Overweight

34
Q

If a child is on or above the 98st centile what are they classed as?

A

Obese

35
Q

If a child is on the 99.6st centile what are they classed as?

A

Severely obese

36
Q

When can orlistat be prescribed?

A

Severly obese adolescents BMI > 99.6th centile) with comorbiities attending a specialist clinic

37
Q

What is a side effect of Orlistat?

A

Diarrhoea

38
Q

When can bariatric surgery be considered in children?

A

post-pubertal with very severe to extreme obesity

39
Q

What is the maximum screen time a child should get?

A

2 hours per day

40
Q

In terms of genetics what is described as normal?

A

Commonest form of gene sequence

41
Q

What is array comparative genomic hybridisation?

A

Compares control DNA with patient DNA

detects unbalanced translocations not balanced translocations

42
Q

What is the apgar score used for?

A

To decide how well a baby is at birth.

Taken at 1, 5 and 10 minutes post birth

43
Q

What can make a baby floppy?

A 
Septic 
low blood sugar 
genetic condition 
Neurologial disease (brain and/or muscle)
Viral infection but uncommon
44
Q

What genetic test is done first?

A

aCGH

Child Health (3 decks)

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