Week 1 - Introduction to urinary system

Question 1

Where are the top of the kidneys located?

Answer 1

T11/T12

Question 2

Name the sections of the kidney from outside to inside?

Answer 2

Cortex, medulla

Question 3

What connects kidney to uterer?

Answer 3

Renal pelvis

Question 4

What are the main functions of the kidneys?

Answer 4

Regulation - controls concentrations of key substances in ECF

Excretion - removes waste products

Endocrine - synthesis of renin, erythropoietin and prostaglandins

Metabolism - active form of Vitamin K, catabolism of insulin, PTH calcitonin

Question 5

What is osmolality?

Answer 5

Solute per kg of solvent

Question 6

What is osmolarity?

Answer 6

Number of osmoles of solute per litre

Question 7

What is the osmotic force due to proteins called?

Answer 7

Oncotic force

Question 8

What is the osmolality determined mainly by in the ECF and ICF?

Answer 8

ECF - Na and Cl (80%) - in clinical practise, estimated by doubling serum Na

ICF - K (50%)

Question 9

What is the normal range for osmolarity in ICF?

Answer 9

280-310 mmol/L

Question 10

What effect will failure to control extracellular electrolytes cause?

Answer 10

Affect transport and electrical functions

Question 11

What is the relationship between kidneys, ECF and ICF?

Answer 11

Directly affects ECF, indirectly affects ICF

Question 12

What happens if fail to control ECF volume?

Answer 12

Changes in blood pressure, tissue fluid and cell function

Question 13

What happens if fail to control osmolarity of ECF?

Answer 13

Cell shrinks or swells

Question 14

How much does a kidney filter a day?

Answer 14

180L

Question 15

What is the average amount of urine produced a day?

Answer 15

1.5L

Question 16

What is the structure of a nephron in order?

Answer 16

Glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Question 17

What are the functions of epithelium in kidney?

Answer 17

Excrete waste products from body

Reabsorb needed materials from filtrate

Question 18

What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys at rest?

Answer 18

22%

Question 19

What is the function of the glomerulus?

Answer 19

Filtration

Water, electrolytes and small molecules forced through by pressure in capillaries

Question 20

What is the function of proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 20

Major site of reabsoption

Question 21

What is the importance of sodium pumps?

Answer 21

Energy from sodium movement drives reabsorption of other substances

Water follows electrolytes osmotically

Question 22

What is the function of the loop of henle?

Answer 22

Further reabsorption of salts

Creates gradient in increasing osmolarity in medulla which allows formation of urine if water has been conserved

Question 23

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 23

Reabsorption

Fluid leaving is hypotonic

Actively secretes H ions

Water may or may not follow reabsorption of electrolytes

Question 24

What is the function of the collecting duct?

Answer 24

Water may or may not leave urine depending on osmotic gradient in medulla

Question 25

How is sodium recovery controlled and why is this important?

Answer 25

Hormones - renin angiotensin system

Controls ECF volume

Question 26

How is water recovery controlled and why is this important?

Answer 26

Hormones - anti diuretic hormone

Controls permeability of DCT and collecting duct to water

This controls ECF osmolarity