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Hematology 1 > Week 1: Introduction to Hematology + Quality Assurance > Flashcards

Week 1: Introduction to Hematology + Quality Assurance Flashcards

1
Q

Haemas means ____.

A

Blood

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2
Q

Logos means ____.

A

Study

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3
Q

____ is the study of the cellular elements of the blood.

A

Hematology

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4
Q

Three Formed Elements in the Blood

A
  1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
  2. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
  3. Platelets
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5
Q

Hematology includes ____.

A
  • Formation of cells
  • Stages in the formation of cells
  • Different tests associated
  • Different diseases associated
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6
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1657
  • Person: Athanasius Kircher
  • Contribution:
A

Described worms in the blood

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7
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1657
  • Person:
  • Contribution: Described worms in the blood
A

Athanasius Kircher

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8
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: Athanasius Kircher
  • Contribution: Described worms in the blood
A

1657

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9
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1658
  • Person: Swammerdam
  • Contribution:
A

Discovery of erythrocytes

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10
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1658
  • Person:
  • Contribution: Discovery of erythrocytes
A

Swammerdam

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11
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: Swammerdam
  • Contribution: Discovery of erythrocytes
A

1658

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12
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1674
  • Person: Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Contribution:
A

Description of human erythrocytes

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13
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1674
  • Person:
  • Contribution: Description of human erythrocytes
A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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14
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Contribution: Description of human erythrocytes
A

1674

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15
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1842
  • Contribution:
A

Platelets were described

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16
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Contribution: Platelets were described
A

1842

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17
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1846
  • Person: Wharton Jones
  • Contribution:
A

PMNs distinguished

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18
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1846
  • Person:
  • Contribution: PMNs distinguished
A

Wharton Jones

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19
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: Wharton Jones
  • Contribution: PMNs distinguished
A

1846

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20
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1879
  • Person: Paul Ehrlich
  • Contribution:
A

First complete classification of leukocytes

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21
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1879
  • Person:
  • Contribution: First complete classification of leukocytes
A

Paul Ehrlich

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22
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: Paul Ehrlich
  • Contribution: First complete classification of leukocytes
A

1879

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23
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1902
  • Person: James Homer Wright
  • Contribution:
A

Wright’s stain

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24
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1902
  • Person:
  • Contribution: Wright’s stain
A

James Homer Wright

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25
# **HISTORY** * **Date:** * **Person:** James Homer Wright * **Contribution:** Wright's stain
1902
26
# **HISTORY** * **Date:** 1920 * **Contribution:**
Hematology separate science from clinical pathology
27
# **HISTORY** * **Date:** * **Contribution:** Hematology separate science from clinical pathology
1920
28
# **TERMS** a
without/absence
29
# **TERMS** without/absence
a
30
# **TERMS** blast
youngest/nucleated/immature
31
# **TERMS** youngest/nucleated/immature
blast
32
# **TERMS** chromic
color
33
# **TERMS** color
chromic
34
# **TERMS** cyte
cell
35
# **TERMS** cell
cyte
36
# **TERMS** dys
abnormal
37
# **TERMS** abnormal
dys
38
# **TERMS** aemia
in the blood
39
# **TERMS** in the blood
aemia
40
# **TERMS** ferro/ferric/sidero
iron
41
# **TERMS** iron
ferro/ferric/sidero
42
# **TERMS** hyper
increased
43
# **TERMS** increased
hyper
44
# **TERMS** hypo
decreased
45
# **TERMS** decreased
hypo
46
# **TERMS** iso
equal
47
# **TERMS** equal
iso
48
# **TERMS** macro
large
49
# **TERMS** large
macro
50
# **TERMS** micro
small
51
# **TERMS** small
micro
52
# **TERMS** myelo
marrow
53
# **TERMS** marrow
myelo
54
# **TERMS** normo
normal
55
# **TERMS** normal
normo
56
# **TERMS** oid
like
57
# **TERMS** like
oid
58
# **ABBREVIATIONS** FBC
Full Blood Count
59
# **ABBREVIATIONS** fL
Femtoliter
60
# **ABBREVIATIONS** Hb/hgb
Hemoglobin concentration
61
# **ABBREVIATIONS** Hct
Hematocrit
62
# **ABBREVIATIONS** MCH
Mean Cell Hemoglobin
63
# **ABBREVIATIONS** MCV
Mean Cell Volume
64
# **ABBREVIATIONS** MCHC
Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration
65
# **ABBREVIATIONS** CBC
Complete Blood Count
66
# **ABBREVIATIONS** pg
Picogram
67
# **General Characteristics of Blood** Blood Volume in Males
5-6 L
68
# **General Characteristics of Blood** Blood Volume in Females
4-5 L
69
# **General Characteristics of Blood** Blood Volume in Newborns
250-350 mL
70
# **General Characteristics of Blood** Blood viscosity
3.5-4.5x thicker than water
71
# **General Characteristics of Blood** **Color:** Venous Blood
Dark Red (unoxygenated)
72
# **General Characteristics of Blood** **Color:** Arterial Blood
Bright Red (oxygenated)
73
# **General Characteristics of Blood** *In vivo* appearance
Liquid in state
74
# **General Characteristics of Blood** *In vitro* appearance
Liquid to solid (clot)
75
# **General Characteristics of Blood** pH level of Blood
7.35 - 7.45
76
# **General Characteristics of Blood** **pH:** Venous Blood
7.35
77
# **General Characteristics of Blood** **pH:** Arterial Blood
7.45
78
The ____ and ____ helps in maintaining the pH level of the blood.
Lungs and Kidneys
79
# **General Characteristics of Blood** **Specific Gravity:** Whole blood
1.045 - 1.066
80
# **General Characteristics of Blood** **Specific Gravity:** Plasma
1.025 - 1.029
81
# **General Characteristics of Blood** **Specific Gravity:** Serum
1.024 - 1.028
82
Functions of the Blood
* Respiratory * Nutritional * Excretory * Buffering action * Body temperature * Transportation * Body Defense Mechanism
83
____ is the process of making sure that the blood stays in its liquid state.
Hemostasis
84
MCH, MCV, and MCHC are collectively called as ____.
Blood cell/Red cell indices
85
Tests involved in Blood Cell Indices
* Mean Cell Volume (MCV) * Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) * Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
86
____ tells about the morphologic features of the RBC.
Blood/Red Cell Indices
87
____ tells about the size of RBC.
Mean Cell Volume (MCV)
88
What is the relationship between MCV and RBC size?
Directly proportional
89
____ tells how pale/red the RBC is.
MCH and MCHC
90
____ tells about the weight of hemoglobin.
Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)
91
____ tells about the actual concentration of hemoglobin.
Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
92
Which is better between MCH and MCHC?
MCHC
93
Blood Composition
* Plasma * Buffy coat * Erythrocytes
94
____ makes up 55% of the total blood.
Plasma
95
Plasma composition
* 95% water * 5% chemical constituents
96
____ contains ALL blood cells EXCEPT RBCs.
Buffy coat
97
Composition of buffy coat according to density
* Platelets * Agranulocytes * Granulocytes * Reticulocytes
98
____ are immature RBCs normally found in the blood.
Reticulocytes
99
How is plasma different from serum?
Presence of fibrinogen | Plasma contains fibrinogen, serum does not.
100
Which component of the blood is heaviest?
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
101
What makes RBCs heavier than the other components of the blood?
Presence of hemoglobin/oxygen
102
____ refers to having a low blood volume.
Hypovolemia
103
____ refers to having a high blood volume.
Hypervolemia
104
Why is blood thicker than water?
Because blood has many component or constituents
105
____ is the most basic and common test for blood.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
106
____ evaluates RBC and its ability to transport oxygen.
* RBC count * Hemoglobin * Hematocrit
107
____ evaluates the ability of WBCs to perform its function.
White Blood Cell Count
108
____ is performed to determine one's risk for bleeding and capability to clot.
Platelet Count
109
____ is performed to determine if the bone marrow is capable of producing RBCs.
Reticulocyte Count
110
____ is performed to identify if a person has inflammation or not.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
111
What will happen to the cells if there is no anti-coagulant?
The blood will clot and cells will aggregate
112
# **Situation** What will happen if the blood amount is greater than the amount of anti-coagulant?
The blood will clot because the anti-coagulant is not enough
113
# **Situation** What will happen if the blood amount is less than the amount of EDTA anti-coagulant?
The excess coagulant will destroy the RBCs, and cause false decrease in the ESR and Hematocrit values.
114
____ is the most common anti-coagulant used in Hematology laboratory.
Ethylene Diamene Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA)
115
EDTA tube top color
Lavender, Purple, or Violet
116
**Action:** EDTA
Inhibits or chelates calcium
117
Forms of EDTA
* Versene * Sequestrene
118
The **"versene"** form of EDTA contains ____.
Disodium salts
119
The **"sequestrene"** form of EDTA contains ____.
Tripotassium salts
120
Optimum concentration of EDTA
1.5 mg/mL
121
Use of EDTA
* CBC, Blood Smear * Preserves morphology of specimen
122
Citrate tube top color
Blue and Black
123
**Action:** Citrate
Inhibits calcium
124
What is the difference between the blue and black top citrate tube?
Their blood to anti-coagulant ratio
125
**Blood to Anti-coagulant ratio:** Citrate (blue)
9:1 | 9 parts blood, 1 part anti-coagulant
126
**Blood to Anti-coagulant ratio:** Citrate (black)
4:1 | 4 parts blood, 1 part anti-coagulant
127
**Use:** Citrate (blue)
Coagulation studies
128
Why is citrate used for coagulation studies?
Because it preserves the clotting factors of the blood
129
**Use:** Citrate (black)
Platelet count, ESR
130
Which blue top citrate is ideally used?
Buffered with 3.8% sodium citrate
131
Oxalate tube top color
Black or Gray
132
**Action:** Oxalate
Inhibits calcium
133
Optimum concentration of Oxalate
1-2 mg/mL
134
Use of Oxalate
ESR Testing
135
Heparin tube top color
Green
136
**Action:** Heparin
Inhibits thrombin
137
Optimum concentration of Heparin
15-20 units/mL
138
Use of Heparin
Osmotic Fragility Test
139
____ converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Thrombin
140
____ is the sum of all activities the laboratory is engaged.
Quality assurance
141
Three Phases of Quality Assurance
* Pre-analytical * Analytical * Post-analytical
142
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** ____ involves everything done before the testing.
Pre-analytical
143
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Blood collection
Pre-analytical
144
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Labelling
Pre-analytical
145
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Proper use of anti-coagulants
Pre-analytical
146
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Storage
Pre-analytical
147
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Transport
Pre-analytical
148
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Test orders
Pre-analytical
149
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Test request forms
Pre-analytical
150
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Stat orders and timeliness
Pre-analytical
151
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Specimen management
Pre-analytical
152
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** ____ refers to the actual testing of the specimen.
Analytical
153
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Quality control
Analytical
154
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** ____ involves how you generate, interpet, and analyze results.
Post-analytical
155
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Correlating results
Post-analytical
156
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Pointing out critical values
Post-analytical
157
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Publication of reports
Post-analytical
158
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Patient satisfaction
Post-analytical
159
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Laboratory Information System (LIS) incompatibility error
Post-analytical
160
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Confusion about reference ranges
Post-analytical
161
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Oversight of instrument flags
Analytical
162
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Out-of-control QC results
Analytical
163
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Wrong assay performed
Analytical
164
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Improper processing of specimen
Pre-analytical
165
# **Which Phase of Quality Assurance?** Specimen procured at the wrong time
Pre-analytical
166
Major Activities
* Preventive * Assessment * Corrective
167
____ are activities done in prior to the examination of the specimen.
Preventive
168
____ are activities done during testing to determine whether test systems are performing correctly.
Assessment
169
____ are activities done when error is detected to correct the system (ex. recalibration).
Corrective
170
____ is the usual length/time to process specimens.
Turnaround Time (TAT)
171
____ is a system of ensuring accuracy and precision in the laboratory.
Quality Control
172
The main objective of ____ is to ensure the machine is working well, the reagents are in good condition, and there are no medtech errors in procedure.
Quality Control
173
Three Controls in Hematology Laboratory
1. Low 2. Normal 3. High
174
____ is the ability of the test to measure even the smallest concentration of the analyte.
Sensitivity
175
____ means being specific to the analyte of interest.
Specific
176
____ means being close to the target result.
Accuracy
177
____ means how close the values are to each other.
Precision
178
Kinds of Quality Control
* Intralab * Interlab
179
# **Which Kind of Quality Control?** Internal quality control
Intralab
180
# **Which Kind of Quality Control?** Done on a daily basis
Intralab
181
# **Which Kind of Quality Control?** Daily monitoring of accuracy and precision
Intralab
182
# **Which Kind of Quality Control?** For maintaining long-term accuracy
Interlab
183
# **Which Kind of Quality Control?** External quality control
Interlab
184
# **Which Kind of Quality Control?** Proficiency testing
Interlab
185
# **Which Kind of Quality Control?** Done periodically
Interlab
186
Tools of Quality Assurance and Control
* Standard Solution * Blank * Control
187
____ are solutions of known concentration and value, and is applicable to a single analyte.
Standard Solution
188
____ is used to check the quality of automated analyzer.
Blank
189
The values and concentration of the ____ are unknown, and is applicable to different parameters.
Control
190
CBC Quality Control
* Commercial Controls * Mode to Mode QC * Delta Checks

Hematology 1 (4 decks)

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