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Hematology 1 > Week 1: Introduction to Hematology + Quality Assurance > Flashcards

Week 1: Introduction to Hematology + Quality Assurance Flashcards

1
Q

Haemas means ____.

A

Blood

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2
Q

Logos means ____.

A

Study

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3
Q

____ is the study of the cellular elements of the blood.

A

Hematology

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4
Q

Three Formed Elements in the Blood

A
  1. Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
  2. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
  3. Platelets
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5
Q

Hematology includes ____.

A
  • Formation of cells
  • Stages in the formation of cells
  • Different tests associated
  • Different diseases associated
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6
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1657
  • Person: Athanasius Kircher
  • Contribution:
A

Described worms in the blood

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7
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1657
  • Person:
  • Contribution: Described worms in the blood
A

Athanasius Kircher

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8
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: Athanasius Kircher
  • Contribution: Described worms in the blood
A

1657

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9
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1658
  • Person: Swammerdam
  • Contribution:
A

Discovery of erythrocytes

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10
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1658
  • Person:
  • Contribution: Discovery of erythrocytes
A

Swammerdam

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11
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: Swammerdam
  • Contribution: Discovery of erythrocytes
A

1658

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12
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1674
  • Person: Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Contribution:
A

Description of human erythrocytes

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13
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1674
  • Person:
  • Contribution: Description of human erythrocytes
A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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14
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Contribution: Description of human erythrocytes
A

1674

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15
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1842
  • Contribution:
A

Platelets were described

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16
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Contribution: Platelets were described
A

1842

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17
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1846
  • Person: Wharton Jones
  • Contribution:
A

PMNs distinguished

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18
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1846
  • Person:
  • Contribution: PMNs distinguished
A

Wharton Jones

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19
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: Wharton Jones
  • Contribution: PMNs distinguished
A

1846

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20
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1879
  • Person: Paul Ehrlich
  • Contribution:
A

First complete classification of leukocytes

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21
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1879
  • Person:
  • Contribution: First complete classification of leukocytes
A

Paul Ehrlich

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22
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: Paul Ehrlich
  • Contribution: First complete classification of leukocytes
A

1879

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23
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1902
  • Person: James Homer Wright
  • Contribution:
A

Wright’s stain

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24
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1902
  • Person:
  • Contribution: Wright’s stain
A

James Homer Wright

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25
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Person: James Homer Wright
  • Contribution: Wright’s stain
A

1902

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26
Q

HISTORY

  • Date: 1920
  • Contribution:
A

Hematology separate science from clinical pathology

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27
Q

HISTORY

  • Date:
  • Contribution: Hematology separate science from clinical pathology
A

1920

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28
Q

TERMS

a

A

without/absence

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29
Q

TERMS

without/absence

A

a

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30
Q

TERMS

blast

A

youngest/nucleated/immature

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31
Q

TERMS

youngest/nucleated/immature

A

blast

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32
Q

TERMS

chromic

A

color

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33
Q

TERMS

color

A

chromic

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34
Q

TERMS

cyte

A

cell

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35
Q

TERMS

cell

A

cyte

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36
Q

TERMS

dys

A

abnormal

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37
Q

TERMS

abnormal

A

dys

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38
Q

TERMS

aemia

A

in the blood

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39
Q

TERMS

in the blood

A

aemia

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40
Q

TERMS

ferro/ferric/sidero

A

iron

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41
Q

TERMS

iron

A

ferro/ferric/sidero

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42
Q

TERMS

hyper

A

increased

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43
Q

TERMS

increased

A

hyper

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44
Q

TERMS

hypo

A

decreased

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45
Q

TERMS

decreased

A

hypo

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46
Q

TERMS

iso

A

equal

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47
Q

TERMS

equal

A

iso

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48
Q

TERMS

macro

A

large

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49
Q

TERMS

large

A

macro

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50
Q

TERMS

micro

A

small

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51
Q

TERMS

small

A

micro

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52
Q

TERMS

myelo

A

marrow

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53
Q

TERMS

marrow

A

myelo

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54
Q

TERMS

normo

A

normal

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55
Q

TERMS

normal

A

normo

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56
Q

TERMS

oid

A

like

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57
Q

TERMS

like

A

oid

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58
Q

ABBREVIATIONS

FBC

A

Full Blood Count

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59
Q

ABBREVIATIONS

fL

A

Femtoliter

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60
Q

ABBREVIATIONS

Hb/hgb

A

Hemoglobin concentration

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61
Q

ABBREVIATIONS

Hct

A

Hematocrit

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62
Q

ABBREVIATIONS

MCH

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin

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63
Q

ABBREVIATIONS

MCV

A

Mean Cell Volume

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64
Q

ABBREVIATIONS

MCHC

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration

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65
Q

ABBREVIATIONS

CBC

A

Complete Blood Count

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66
Q

ABBREVIATIONS

pg

A

Picogram

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67
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

Blood Volume in Males

A

5-6 L

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68
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

Blood Volume in Females

A

4-5 L

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69
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

Blood Volume in Newborns

A

250-350 mL

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70
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

Blood viscosity

A

3.5-4.5x thicker than water

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71
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

Color: Venous Blood

A

Dark Red (unoxygenated)

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72
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

Color: Arterial Blood

A

Bright Red (oxygenated)

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73
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

In vivo appearance

A

Liquid in state

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74
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

In vitro appearance

A

Liquid to solid (clot)

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75
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

pH level of Blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

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76
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

pH: Venous Blood

A

7.35

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77
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

pH: Arterial Blood

A

7.45

78
Q

The ____ and ____ helps in maintaining the pH level of the blood.

A

Lungs and Kidneys

79
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

Specific Gravity: Whole blood

A

1.045 - 1.066

80
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

Specific Gravity: Plasma

A

1.025 - 1.029

81
Q

General Characteristics of Blood

Specific Gravity: Serum

A

1.024 - 1.028

82
Q

Functions of the Blood

A
  • Respiratory
  • Nutritional
  • Excretory
  • Buffering action
  • Body temperature
  • Transportation
  • Body Defense Mechanism
83
Q

____ is the process of making sure that the blood stays in its liquid state.

A

Hemostasis

84
Q

MCH, MCV, and MCHC are collectively called as ____.

A

Blood cell/Red cell indices

85
Q

Tests involved in Blood Cell Indices

A
  • Mean Cell Volume (MCV)
  • Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)
  • Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
86
Q

____ tells about the morphologic features of the RBC.

A

Blood/Red Cell Indices

87
Q

____ tells about the size of RBC.

A

Mean Cell Volume (MCV)

88
Q

What is the relationship between MCV and RBC size?

A

Directly proportional

89
Q

____ tells how pale/red the RBC is.

A

MCH and MCHC

90
Q

____ tells about the weight of hemoglobin.

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)

91
Q

____ tells about the actual concentration of hemoglobin.

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

92
Q

Which is better between MCH and MCHC?

A

MCHC

93
Q

Blood Composition

A
  • Plasma
  • Buffy coat
  • Erythrocytes
94
Q

____ makes up 55% of the total blood.

A

Plasma

95
Q

Plasma composition

A
  • 95% water
  • 5% chemical constituents
96
Q

____ contains ALL blood cells EXCEPT RBCs.

A

Buffy coat

97
Q

Composition of buffy coat according to density

A
  • Platelets
  • Agranulocytes
  • Granulocytes
  • Reticulocytes
98
Q

____ are immature RBCs normally found in the blood.

A

Reticulocytes

99
Q

How is plasma different from serum?

A

Presence of fibrinogen

Plasma contains fibrinogen, serum does not.

100
Q

Which component of the blood is heaviest?

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

101
Q

What makes RBCs heavier than the other components of the blood?

A

Presence of hemoglobin/oxygen

102
Q

____ refers to having a low blood volume.

A

Hypovolemia

103
Q

____ refers to having a high blood volume.

A

Hypervolemia

104
Q

Why is blood thicker than water?

A

Because blood has many component or constituents

105
Q

____ is the most basic and common test for blood.

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

106
Q

____ evaluates RBC and its ability to transport oxygen.

A
  • RBC count
  • Hemoglobin
  • Hematocrit
107
Q

____ evaluates the ability of WBCs to perform its function.

A

White Blood Cell Count

108
Q

____ is performed to determine one’s risk for bleeding and capability to clot.

A

Platelet Count

109
Q

____ is performed to determine if the bone marrow is capable of producing RBCs.

A

Reticulocyte Count

110
Q

____ is performed to identify if a person has inflammation or not.

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

111
Q

What will happen to the cells if there is no anti-coagulant?

A

The blood will clot and cells will aggregate

112
Q

Situation

What will happen if the blood amount is greater than the amount of anti-coagulant?

A

The blood will clot because the anti-coagulant is not enough

113
Q

Situation

What will happen if the blood amount is less than the amount of EDTA anti-coagulant?

A

The excess coagulant will destroy the RBCs, and cause false decrease in the ESR and Hematocrit values.

114
Q

____ is the most common anti-coagulant used in Hematology laboratory.

A

Ethylene Diamene Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA)

115
Q

EDTA tube top color

A

Lavender, Purple, or Violet

116
Q

Action: EDTA

A

Inhibits or chelates calcium

117
Q

Forms of EDTA

A
  • Versene
  • Sequestrene
118
Q

The “versene” form of EDTA contains ____.

A

Disodium salts

119
Q

The “sequestrene” form of EDTA contains ____.

A

Tripotassium salts

120
Q

Optimum concentration of EDTA

A

1.5 mg/mL

121
Q

Use of EDTA

A
  • CBC, Blood Smear
  • Preserves morphology of specimen
122
Q

Citrate tube top color

A

Blue and Black

123
Q

Action: Citrate

A

Inhibits calcium

124
Q

What is the difference between the blue and black top citrate tube?

A

Their blood to anti-coagulant ratio

125
Q

Blood to Anti-coagulant ratio: Citrate (blue)

A

9:1

9 parts blood, 1 part anti-coagulant

126
Q

Blood to Anti-coagulant ratio: Citrate (black)

A

4:1

4 parts blood, 1 part anti-coagulant

127
Q

Use: Citrate (blue)

A

Coagulation studies

128
Q

Why is citrate used for coagulation studies?

A

Because it preserves the clotting factors of the blood

129
Q

Use: Citrate (black)

A

Platelet count, ESR

130
Q

Which blue top citrate is ideally used?

A

Buffered with 3.8% sodium citrate

131
Q

Oxalate tube top color

A

Black or Gray

132
Q

Action: Oxalate

A

Inhibits calcium

133
Q

Optimum concentration of Oxalate

A

1-2 mg/mL

134
Q

Use of Oxalate

A

ESR Testing

135
Q

Heparin tube top color

A

Green

136
Q

Action: Heparin

A

Inhibits thrombin

137
Q

Optimum concentration of Heparin

A

15-20 units/mL

138
Q

Use of Heparin

A

Osmotic Fragility Test

139
Q

____ converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

A

Thrombin

140
Q

____ is the sum of all activities the laboratory is engaged.

A

Quality assurance

141
Q

Three Phases of Quality Assurance

A
  • Pre-analytical
  • Analytical
  • Post-analytical
142
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

____ involves everything done before the testing.

A

Pre-analytical

143
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Blood collection

A

Pre-analytical

144
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Labelling

A

Pre-analytical

145
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Proper use of anti-coagulants

A

Pre-analytical

146
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Storage

A

Pre-analytical

147
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Transport

A

Pre-analytical

148
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Test orders

A

Pre-analytical

149
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Test request forms

A

Pre-analytical

150
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Stat orders and timeliness

A

Pre-analytical

151
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Specimen management

A

Pre-analytical

152
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

____ refers to the actual testing of the specimen.

A

Analytical

153
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Quality control

A

Analytical

154
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

____ involves how you generate, interpet, and analyze results.

A

Post-analytical

155
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Correlating results

A

Post-analytical

156
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Pointing out critical values

A

Post-analytical

157
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Publication of reports

A

Post-analytical

158
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Patient satisfaction

A

Post-analytical

159
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Laboratory Information System (LIS) incompatibility error

A

Post-analytical

160
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Confusion about reference ranges

A

Post-analytical

161
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Oversight of instrument flags

A

Analytical

162
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Out-of-control QC results

A

Analytical

163
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Wrong assay performed

A

Analytical

164
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Improper processing of specimen

A

Pre-analytical

165
Q

Which Phase of Quality Assurance?

Specimen procured at the wrong time

A

Pre-analytical

166
Q

Major Activities

A
  • Preventive
  • Assessment
  • Corrective
167
Q

____ are activities done in prior to the examination of the specimen.

A

Preventive

168
Q

____ are activities done during testing to determine whether test systems are performing correctly.

A

Assessment

169
Q

____ are activities done when error is detected to correct the system (ex. recalibration).

A

Corrective

170
Q

____ is the usual length/time to process specimens.

A

Turnaround Time (TAT)

171
Q

____ is a system of ensuring accuracy and precision in the laboratory.

A

Quality Control

172
Q

The main objective of ____ is to ensure the machine is working well, the reagents are in good condition, and there are no medtech errors in procedure.

A

Quality Control

173
Q

Three Controls in Hematology Laboratory

A
  1. Low
  2. Normal
  3. High
174
Q

____ is the ability of the test to measure even the smallest concentration of the analyte.

A

Sensitivity

175
Q

____ means being specific to the analyte of interest.

A

Specific

176
Q

____ means being close to the target result.

A

Accuracy

177
Q

____ means how close the values are to each other.

A

Precision

178
Q

Kinds of Quality Control

A
  • Intralab
  • Interlab
179
Q

Which Kind of Quality Control?

Internal quality control

A

Intralab

180
Q

Which Kind of Quality Control?

Done on a daily basis

A

Intralab

181
Q

Which Kind of Quality Control?

Daily monitoring of accuracy and precision

A

Intralab

182
Q

Which Kind of Quality Control?

For maintaining long-term accuracy

A

Interlab

183
Q

Which Kind of Quality Control?

External quality control

A

Interlab

184
Q

Which Kind of Quality Control?

Proficiency testing

A

Interlab

185
Q

Which Kind of Quality Control?

Done periodically

A

Interlab

186
Q

Tools of Quality Assurance and Control

A
  • Standard Solution
  • Blank
  • Control
187
Q

____ are solutions of known concentration and value, and is applicable to a single analyte.

A

Standard Solution

188
Q

____ is used to check the quality of automated analyzer.

A

Blank

189
Q

The values and concentration of the ____ are unknown, and is applicable to different parameters.

A

Control

190
Q

CBC Quality Control

A
  • Commercial Controls
  • Mode to Mode QC
  • Delta Checks

Hematology 1 (4 decks)

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