Erythrocytes Flashcards
1
Q
Main function of Erythrocytes
A
To carry and deliver oxygen with the help of protein hemoglobin
2
Q
The main function of erythrocytes is to carry and deliver oxygen with the help of ____.
A
hemoglobin
3
Q
Aside from hemoglobin, red cells need an ____ for them to survive the circulation.
A
- Intact membrane
- Energy source
- Protection
4
Q
Erythrocyte
Size
A
6,7-8 um in diameter
5
Q
Erythrocyte
Volume
A
- Normocytic: 80-100 fL
- Microcytic: lower than 80 fL
- Macrocytic: higher than 100 fL
6
Q
Erythrocyte
Mean Volume
A
90 fL
7
Q
If the red cell has a volume of 80-100 fL, it is ____.
A
Normocytic
8
Q
If the red cell has a volume lower than 80 fL, it is ____.
A
Microcytic
9
Q
If the red cell has a volume higher than 100 fL, it is ____.
A
Macrocytic
10
Q
Erythrocyte
Lifespan
A
120 days
11
Q
Erythrocyte
Shape
A
Biconcave
12
Q
Why do red cells need to be biconcave in shape?
A
To support deformation
13
Q
Why do red cells need to be deformable?
A
- To carry and release oxygen
- To pass through narrow capillaries and tiny vessels
14
Q
1/3 of red cells have ____.
A
pale or pallor area
15
Q
____ of red cells have pale or pallor area.
A
1/3
16
Q
____ is essential to have an extra surface area to enable red cells to pass through narrow capillaries and vessels.
A
Pallor area
17
Q
Functions of the pale area of red cells
A
- Extra surface area (to pass through narrow vessels)
- Prevent lysis
18
Q
As the red cells age, they lose ____, making the cell susceptible to lysis and unable to pass through tiny vessels.
A
membrane surface area
19
Q
Erythrocyte
Internal components
A
- No organelles
- Reddish-pinkish cytoplasm (via Wright stain)
20
Q
Erythrocyte
Cell membrane components
A
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
21
Q
Erythrocyte
Metabolic pathways
A
Glycolytic activity or pathways
22
Q
Erythrocyte
Destruction
A
Extravascularly or Intravascularly
23
Q
Functions of Erythrocyte Membrane
A
- Cell shape and deformability
- Osmotic balance
- Support skeletal system
- Transportation
24
Q
The ____ provides the broad surface area and close tissue contact necessary to support the delivery of oxygen and transport of carbon dioxide.
A
RBC membrane
25
As the MCHC rises, the RBC is phagocytized and destroyed by ____.
splenic macrophages
26
The erythrocyte membrane maintains osmotic balance between the ____.
plasma; cell's cytoplasm
27
The erythrocyte membrane acts as a supporting skeletal system for ____.
surface antigens and different receptors
28
Erythrocyte membrane composition
* 52% protein
* 40% lipids
* 8% carbohydrates
29
The erythrocyte membrane is composed of ____ protein.
52%
30
The erythrocyte membrane is composed of 52% ____.
protein
31
The erythrocyte membrane is composed of ____ lipids.
40%
32
The erythrocyte membrane is composed of 40% ____.
lipids
33
The erythrocyte membrane is composed of ____ carbohydrates.
8%
34
The erythrocyte membrane is composed of 8% ____.
carbohydrates
35
____ would be the main principal structure of the RBC.
Cholesterol and phospholipids
36
____ make up majority of the membrane structure by its mass.
Proteins
37
The components of the erythrocyte membrane interact with each other to ensure ____.
RBC will become intact and deformable
38
____ occur only on the external surface of the red cell.
Carbohydrates
39
The main function of carbohydrates in red cells is for ____.
antigenic activity
40
Carbohydrates occur as ____ and ____ in red cells.
glycolipids and glycoproteins
41
____ anchor the glycocalyx of the RBC.
Glycolipids
42
____ prevents microbial attack and provides protection against mechanical damages.
Glycocalyx
43
____ support the carbohydrates that will later on bind with lipids to support glycocalyx.
Glycoproteins
44
# **TRUE OR FALSE.**
Carbohydrates in red cells function in energy provision.
False
45
Carbohydrates will bear copies of ____.
carbohydrate-based blood group antigens
46
Examples of blood group antigens
* ABO or ABH blood group
* Lewis blood group
47
____ are essential for the movement and permeability of the RBCs.
Lipids
48
Main function of lipids in red cells
Movement and permeability
49
____ facilitate the entry and exit of substances within RBCs.
Lipids
50
# **TRUE OR FALSE.**
Red cells are not 100% permeable.
True
51
How many membrane layer/s do red cells have?
2 (bilayered)
52
The red cell membrane has equal parts of ____ and ____.
phospholipids and cholesterol
53
Aside from phospholipids and cholesterol, the red cell membrane also have ____.
fatty acids and glycerides
54
The ____ is used to maintain the balance on the deformability, elasticity, and strength of the RBCs.
concentration of lipid
55
External lipid components of red cell membrane
* Phospholipids
* Glycolipids
* Sphingomyelin
* Phosphatidylcholine
56
Internal lipid components of red cell membrane
* Phosphatidylethanolamine
* Phosphatidylinositol
* Phosphatidylserine
57
Cholesterol composition of red cell membrane
* 30% free unesterified cholesterol
* 10% glycerides and fatty acids
58
The red cell membrane has ____ and ____ ends.
polar and non-polar ends
59
The ____ of red cell membrane serve as seal for water.
polar and non-polar ends
60
The polar and non-polar ends of red cell membrane serve as ____.
seal for water
61
Cholesterol at the end of the membrane has a constant exchange of cholesterol within the ____ and in the ____.
cell membrane; plasma
62
To maintain the balance or constant exchange of cholesterol, it will be facilitated by the enzyme ____.
Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT)
63
As the concentration of cholesterol increases, the membrane becomes ____.
stronger
64
What happens to the membrane if cholesterol is too much?
The red cell's elasticity loses
65
There are ____ RBC membrane proteins.
300
66
____ serve as the reception site for different substances that will bind or act on the RBCs.
Integral or Transmembrane Protein
67
____ serve as transport and adhesion sites for RBC.
Integral or Transmembrane Protein
68
____ serve as signaling receptors.
Integral or Transmembrane Protein
69
Deficiencies or problems with integral proteins will result to ____.
* Loss of red cells deformability
* Problems with adhesion
* Cellular activity abnormalities
70
The integral protein is linked with ____ to support cell membrane and prevent the loss of lipids.
cytoskeletal protein
71
In integral proteins ____ are needed for different blood group systems.
carbohydrate determinants
72
Which transmembrane protein is needed for MN blood group?
Glycophorin A
73
Glycophorin A is needed by which blood group?
MN
74
Which transmembrane protein is needed for Ss blood group?
Glycophorin B
75
Glycophorin B is needed by which blood group?
Ss
76
Which transmembrane protein is needed for Gerbich blood group?
Glycophorin C,D
77
Glycophorin C,D is needed by which blood group?
Gerbich
78
Glycophorins provide RBC with ____.
sialic acid
79
____ provide RBC with sialic acid.
Glycophorins
80
____ makes the red cell membrane negatively charged.
Sialic acid
81
____ is the process of repelling by RBCs.
Zeta potential
82
Around ____ proteins bind to GPI.
30
83
GPI stands for ____.
Glycosylphospatidylinositol
84
Examples of GPI Anchor
* Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF)
* Membrane Inhibitor of Reactive Lysis (MIRL)
85
The main activity of ____ is to prevent lysis of RBCs by complement.
DAF and MIRL
86
____ is a gene that codes for glycosyl transferase needed for the fomation of GPI.
Phosphotidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis Class A (PIGA)
87
____ is the red cells destruction caused by complement.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
88
____ facilitate the movement of substrate and cofactors in and out of the cell.
Transmembrane proteins
89
____ helps in maintaining the osmotic balance within the red blood cells to ensure that red cells will not be lysed.
Transmembrane proteins
90
____ controls the transport of sodium and potassium.
Sodium-Potassium ATPase
91
In Sodium-Potassium ATPase, ____ is inside while ____ is outside.
Potassium; Sodium
92
Intracellularly, the ratio of Na and K is ____.
1:12
93
Extracellularly, the ratio of Na and K is ____.
25:1
94
Red cell membrane is impermeable to ____.
* Sodium
* Potassium
* Calcium
95
Red cell membrane is permeable to ____.
* Water
* Bicarbonate
* Chloride
96
____ forms pores or channels wherein the surface charges create inward waterflow in response to internal osmotic changes.
Aquaporin 1
97
____ calcium pump moves calcium out of the cell to plasma against a high concentration gradient.
Calcium ATPase
98
To facilitate entry or exit of ions, ____ should be consumed.
Energy (ATP)
99
Membrane proteins can be extracted using ____, and will then be separated based on molecular weight and net charge.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-Page)
100
Membrane proteins will be stained using ____ or ____ to identify which proteins are present or absent.
* Periodic acid shift (PAS)
* Coomassie blue
101
____ provides the shape and deformability for RBCs.
Peripheral or Cytoskeletal Protein
102
# **TRUE OR FALSE.**
Peripheral or Cytoskeletal proteins do not penetrate the lipid bilayer.
True
103
____ occurs only outside of the cell.
Peripheral or Cytoskeletal Protein
104
____ acts as a tough supporting framework for lipid bilayer.
Cytoskeletal Proteins
105
____ is essential to make sure that red cells are intact and can be deformable.
Peripheral or Cytoskeletal Proteins
106
# **Skeletal Proteins**
____ forms short filaments which is then regulated by tropomyosin.
Actin
107
# **Skeletal Proteins**
Actin forms short filaments which is then regulated by ____.
Tropomyosin
108
# **Skeletal Proteins**
____ seal the end portion of the actin.
Adducin and Tropomodulin
109
# **Skeletal Proteins**
____ acts as a stabilizer for the actin junctional complex.
Dematin
110
# **Skeletal Proteins**
____ forms complex to the integral protein to connect and support lipid bilayer.
Ankyrin
111
The main source of energy for red cells is from the ____.
glucose in the circulation
112
Once the glucose enters the cell with the help of ____, they will undergo glycolysis.
GLUT-1
113
Once the glucose enters the cell with the help of GLUT-1, they will undergo ____.
glycolysis
114
Pathways for Red Cell Metabolism
* Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
* Hexose Monophosphate Shunt or Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
* Rapoport-Luebering Pathway
* Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway or Cytochrome B5 Reductase Pathway
115
____ is the main glycolytic pathway in red cell metabolism.
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
116
____ of the glucose broken down will enter the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway.
90%
117
# **Red Cell Metabolism Pathways**
Anaerobic metabolism which breaks down glucose to form lactic acid and 2 ATPs.
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
118
Products of Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
* Lactic acid
* 2 ATPs
119
# **Red Cell Metabolism Pathways**
The major energy generating pathway of RBCs
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
120
# **Red Cell Metabolism Pathways**
Aerobic or oxidative glycolysis which is also known as Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP).
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
121
____ of the glucose broken down will enter the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt.
10%
122
# **Red Cell Metabolism Pathways**
Allows the red cell to be protected from lysis, oxidation, or oxidative burst caused by different chemicals or oxidants in the system.
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
123
# **Red Cell Metabolism Pathways**
It extends the lifespan of the RBCs by maintaining the lipids, proteins, enzymes, hemoglobin, etc.
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
124
# **Red Cell Metabolism Pathways**
This pathway provides reduced glutathione to prevent oxidative stress.
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt
125
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt provides reduced ____ to prevent oxidative stress.
glutathione
126
To form NADPH for glutathione reduction, ____ is needed.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
127
To form ____ for glutathione reduction, G6PD is needed.
NADPH
128
What happens to the hemoglobin when red cells are exposed to oxidative damage or stress?
It will be denatured
129
When hemoglobin is denatured, it will form ____.
Inclusion bodies called **"Heinz bodies"**
130
Denatured hemoglobin will form inclusion bodies called ____.
Heinz bodies
131
____ is used to recover Heinz bodies in the laboratory.
Supravital stain
132
Supravital stain is also used for ____.
reticulocytes
133
# **Red Cell Metabolism Pathways**
An anaerobic pathway that generates 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity to oxygen.
Rapoport-Luebering Pathway
134
Rapoport-Luebering Pathway generates ____.
2,3-DPG
135
____ regulates hemoglobin affinity to oxygen.
2,3-DPG
136
If 2,3-DPG is present, the hemoglobin will ____ oxygen.
release
137
If 2,3-DPG is absent, the hemoglobin will ____ oxygen.
conserve
138
Affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin can also be affected by ____.
* Carbon dioxide
* pH
* Temperature
139
# **Red Cell Metabolism Pathways**
Also known as Cytochrome B5 Reductase Pathways
Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
140
# **Red Cell Metabolism Pathways**
Ensures that the iron will be converted into its ferrous state
Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
141
____ is the oxidized form (ferric state) of iron.
Methemoglobin
142
In order for oxygen to bind, iron should be on its ____.
reduced (ferrous) state
143
Nutritional Requirements of Red Cells
* Protein
* Lipids
* Carbohydrates
* Iron
* B vitamins
144
____ functions in heme synthesis.
Vitamin B6
145
____ is for immature RBCs.
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and Folic acid (folate)
146
____ is the dynamics of RBC production and destruction.
Erythrokinetics
147
____ is the collection of all stages of erythrocytes.
Erythron
148
____ is the entirety of erythroid cells in the body.
Erythron
149
____ refers to the cells in the circulation.
RBC Mass
150
____ came from the kidneys.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
151
EPO production is stimulated by ____.
hypoxia
152
____ stimulate the precursor cells in the bone marrow to produce RBCs.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
153
Functions of EPO
* Shift reticulocytes (early release)
* Inhibition of apoptosis
* Reduced marrow transit time
154
____ will speed up the maturation process and shortens the cell cycle time.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
155
Measurement for EPO
Chemiluminescence
156
EPO can be used as a medication for patients with ____.
chronic kidney disease
157
Methods for Red Cell Destruction
* Extravascular Hemolysis
* Intravascular Hemolysis
158
Why should old and damaged RBCs be destroyed?
To protect young and healthy RBCs
159
____ of red cells leave the circulation every day.
1%
160
____ of red cells are removed within the macrophages in the spleen via Extravascular Hemolysis.
90%
161
Why can't old and damaged RBC survive in the spleen?
Because they have a fragile cell mebrane
162
# **TRUE OR FALSE.**
In extravascular hemolysis, complement is involved.
False
163
In extravascular hemolysis, ____ will be the one who will destroy RBCs.
splenic macrophages
164
# **Extravascular Hemolysis**
What will happen to the iron content of hemologin?
* It will be recycled
* Bind to transferrin
* Stored in the marrow as ferritin or hemosiderin
165
The recycled iron stored in the bone marrow is called ____.
ferritin or hemosiderin
166
# **Extravascular Hemolysis**
What will happen to the globin content of hemologin?
Recycled
167
# **Extravascular Hemolysis**
What will happen to the heme portion of hemologin?
* Broken down by enzymes
* Converted to biliverdin via heme oxygenase
168
The heme portion of hemoglobin will be converted to ____ through the enzyme heme oxygenase.
biliverdin
169
The heme portion of hemoglobin will be converted to biliverdin through the enzyme ____.
heme oxygenase
170
# **Extravascular Hemolysis**
What will happen to the biliverdin converted from hemologin?
Reduced by biliverdin reductase to form Indirect or Unconjugated bilirubin (B1)
171
Biliverdin will be reduced by ____ to become indirect or uncojugated bilirubin (B1).
biliverdin reductase
172
Biliverdin will be reduced by biliverdin reductase to become ____.
indirect or uncojugated bilirubin (B1)
173
# **Extravascular Hemolysis**
What will happen to the bilirubin converted from biliverdin?
* Carried by albumin, goes to the liver
* Conjugated by the enzyme Uridine Diphosphate Glucoronosyltransferase (UDPGT) to form direct bilirubin (B2)
174
Bilirubin is conjugated by an enzyme called ____ to form direct bilirubin (B2).
Uridine Diphosphate Glucoronosyltransferase (UDPGT)
175
Bilirubin is conjugated by an enzyme called Uridine Diphosphate Glucoronosyltransferase (UDPGT) to form ____.
direct bilirubin (B2)
176
# **Extravascular Hemolysis**
What will happen to the direct bilirubin conjugated from bilirubin 1?
* Some are released in the intestine to become urobilinogen.
* Some are reabsorbed in the circulation going into the kidneys and is excreted as urobilinogen.
* Some urobilinogen will be secreted in the stool in the form of stercobilinogen.
177
____ of red cells are removed within the macrophages in the spleen via Intravascular Hemolysis.
10%
178
In intravascular hemolysis, ____ is involved.
complement
179
What kind of hemolysis occurs in intravascular hemolysis?
Mechanical
180
____ and ____ is measured to know whether there is an intravascular hemolysis.
Haptoglobin and Hemopexin
181
What is the expected result if we will measure haptoglobin and hemopexin in determining intravascular hemolysis?
Low number of both since they are phagocytized
182
Increased lysis of cells intravascularly can be observed through the presence of ____ and ____ in the urine.
hemoglobin and iron
183
Three mechanisms involved in intravascular hemolysis
* Haptoglobin
* Hemopexin
* Metheme-albumin complex
184
# **Organs Important for RBC**
Erythropoietin production
* Kidneys
* Liver (10%)
185
# **Organs Important for RBC**
Store iron, protein, vitamin b12, and folic acid; sythesizes protein
Liver
186
# **Organs Important for RBC**
RBC formation
Bone marrow
187
# **Organs Important for RBC**
RBC destruction
Spleen
