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Hematology 1 > Erythrocytes > Flashcards

Erythrocytes Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of Erythrocytes

A

To carry and deliver oxygen with the help of protein hemoglobin

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2
Q

The main function of erythrocytes is to carry and deliver oxygen with the help of ____.

A

hemoglobin

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3
Q

Aside from hemoglobin, red cells need an ____ for them to survive the circulation.

A
  • Intact membrane
  • Energy source
  • Protection
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4
Q

Erythrocyte

Size

A

6,7-8 um in diameter

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5
Q

Erythrocyte

Volume

A
  • Normocytic: 80-100 fL
  • Microcytic: lower than 80 fL
  • Macrocytic: higher than 100 fL
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6
Q

Erythrocyte

Mean Volume

A

90 fL

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7
Q

If the red cell has a volume of 80-100 fL, it is ____.

A

Normocytic

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8
Q

If the red cell has a volume lower than 80 fL, it is ____.

A

Microcytic

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9
Q

If the red cell has a volume higher than 100 fL, it is ____.

A

Macrocytic

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10
Q

Erythrocyte

Lifespan

A

120 days

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11
Q

Erythrocyte

Shape

A

Biconcave

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12
Q

Why do red cells need to be biconcave in shape?

A

To support deformation

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13
Q

Why do red cells need to be deformable?

A
  • To carry and release oxygen
  • To pass through narrow capillaries and tiny vessels
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14
Q

1/3 of red cells have ____.

A

pale or pallor area

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15
Q

____ of red cells have pale or pallor area.

A

1/3

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16
Q

____ is essential to have an extra surface area to enable red cells to pass through narrow capillaries and vessels.

A

Pallor area

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17
Q

Functions of the pale area of red cells

A
  • Extra surface area (to pass through narrow vessels)
  • Prevent lysis
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18
Q

As the red cells age, they lose ____, making the cell susceptible to lysis and unable to pass through tiny vessels.

A

membrane surface area

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19
Q

Erythrocyte

Internal components

A
  • No organelles
  • Reddish-pinkish cytoplasm (via Wright stain)
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20
Q

Erythrocyte

Cell membrane components

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
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21
Q

Erythrocyte

Metabolic pathways

A

Glycolytic activity or pathways

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22
Q

Erythrocyte

Destruction

A

Extravascularly or Intravascularly

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23
Q

Functions of Erythrocyte Membrane

A
  • Cell shape and deformability
  • Osmotic balance
  • Support skeletal system
  • Transportation
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24
Q

The ____ provides the broad surface area and close tissue contact necessary to support the delivery of oxygen and transport of carbon dioxide.

A

RBC membrane

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25
Q

As the MCHC rises, the RBC is phagocytized and destroyed by ____.

A

splenic macrophages

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26
Q

The erythrocyte membrane maintains osmotic balance between the ____.

A

plasma; cell’s cytoplasm

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27
Q

The erythrocyte membrane acts as a supporting skeletal system for ____.

A

surface antigens and different receptors

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28
Q

Erythrocyte membrane composition

A
  • 52% protein
  • 40% lipids
  • 8% carbohydrates
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29
Q

The erythrocyte membrane is composed of ____ protein.

A

52%

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30
Q

The erythrocyte membrane is composed of 52% ____.

A

protein

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31
Q

The erythrocyte membrane is composed of ____ lipids.

A

40%

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32
Q

The erythrocyte membrane is composed of 40% ____.

A

lipids

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33
Q

The erythrocyte membrane is composed of ____ carbohydrates.

A

8%

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34
Q

The erythrocyte membrane is composed of 8% ____.

A

carbohydrates

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35
Q

____ would be the main principal structure of the RBC.

A

Cholesterol and phospholipids

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36
Q

____ make up majority of the membrane structure by its mass.

A

Proteins

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37
Q

The components of the erythrocyte membrane interact with each other to ensure ____.

A

RBC will become intact and deformable

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38
Q

____ occur only on the external surface of the red cell.

A

Carbohydrates

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39
Q

The main function of carbohydrates in red cells is for ____.

A

antigenic activity

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40
Q

Carbohydrates occur as ____ and ____ in red cells.

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

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41
Q

____ anchor the glycocalyx of the RBC.

A

Glycolipids

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42
Q

____ prevents microbial attack and provides protection against mechanical damages.

A

Glycocalyx

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43
Q

____ support the carbohydrates that will later on bind with lipids to support glycocalyx.

A

Glycoproteins

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44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Carbohydrates in red cells function in energy provision.

A

False

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45
Q

Carbohydrates will bear copies of ____.

A

carbohydrate-based blood group antigens

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46
Q

Examples of blood group antigens

A
  • ABO or ABH blood group
  • Lewis blood group
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47
Q

____ are essential for the movement and permeability of the RBCs.

A

Lipids

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48
Q

Main function of lipids in red cells

A

Movement and permeability

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49
Q

____ facilitate the entry and exit of substances within RBCs.

A

Lipids

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50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Red cells are not 100% permeable.

A

True

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51
Q

How many membrane layer/s do red cells have?

A

2 (bilayered)

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52
Q

The red cell membrane has equal parts of ____ and ____.

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

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53
Q

Aside from phospholipids and cholesterol, the red cell membrane also have ____.

A

fatty acids and glycerides

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54
Q

The ____ is used to maintain the balance on the deformability, elasticity, and strength of the RBCs.

A

concentration of lipid

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55
Q

External lipid components of red cell membrane

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Glycolipids
  • Sphingomyelin
  • Phosphatidylcholine
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56
Q

Internal lipid components of red cell membrane

A
  • Phosphatidylethanolamine
  • Phosphatidylinositol
  • Phosphatidylserine
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57
Q

Cholesterol composition of red cell membrane

A
  • 30% free unesterified cholesterol
  • 10% glycerides and fatty acids
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58
Q

The red cell membrane has ____ and ____ ends.

A

polar and non-polar ends

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59
Q

The ____ of red cell membrane serve as seal for water.

A

polar and non-polar ends

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60
Q

The polar and non-polar ends of red cell membrane serve as ____.

A

seal for water

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61
Q

Cholesterol at the end of the membrane has a constant exchange of cholesterol within the ____ and in the ____.

A

cell membrane; plasma

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62
Q

To maintain the balance or constant exchange of cholesterol, it will be facilitated by the enzyme ____.

A

Lecithin-Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT)

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63
Q

As the concentration of cholesterol increases, the membrane becomes ____.

A

stronger

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64
Q

What happens to the membrane if cholesterol is too much?

A

The red cell’s elasticity loses

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65
Q

There are ____ RBC membrane proteins.

A

300

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66
Q

____ serve as the reception site for different substances that will bind or act on the RBCs.

A

Integral or Transmembrane Protein

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67
Q

____ serve as transport and adhesion sites for RBC.

A

Integral or Transmembrane Protein

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68
Q

____ serve as signaling receptors.

A

Integral or Transmembrane Protein

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69
Q

Deficiencies or problems with integral proteins will result to ____.

A
  • Loss of red cells deformability
  • Problems with adhesion
  • Cellular activity abnormalities
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70
Q

The integral protein is linked with ____ to support cell membrane and prevent the loss of lipids.

A

cytoskeletal protein

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71
Q

In integral proteins ____ are needed for different blood group systems.

A

carbohydrate determinants

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72
Q

Which transmembrane protein is needed for MN blood group?

A

Glycophorin A

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73
Q

Glycophorin A is needed by which blood group?

A

MN

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74
Q

Which transmembrane protein is needed for Ss blood group?

A

Glycophorin B

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75
Q

Glycophorin B is needed by which blood group?

A

Ss

76
Q

Which transmembrane protein is needed for Gerbich blood group?

A

Glycophorin C,D

77
Q

Glycophorin C,D is needed by which blood group?

A

Gerbich

78
Q

Glycophorins provide RBC with ____.

A

sialic acid

79
Q

____ provide RBC with sialic acid.

A

Glycophorins

80
Q

____ makes the red cell membrane negatively charged.

A

Sialic acid

81
Q

____ is the process of repelling by RBCs.

A

Zeta potential

82
Q

Around ____ proteins bind to GPI.

A

30

83
Q

GPI stands for ____.

A

Glycosylphospatidylinositol

84
Q

Examples of GPI Anchor

A
  • Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF)
  • Membrane Inhibitor of Reactive Lysis (MIRL)
85
Q

The main activity of ____ is to prevent lysis of RBCs by complement.

A

DAF and MIRL

86
Q

____ is a gene that codes for glycosyl transferase needed for the fomation of GPI.

A

Phosphotidylinositol Glycan Anchor Biosynthesis Class A (PIGA)

87
Q

____ is the red cells destruction caused by complement.

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

88
Q

____ facilitate the movement of substrate and cofactors in and out of the cell.

A

Transmembrane proteins

89
Q

____ helps in maintaining the osmotic balance within the red blood cells to ensure that red cells will not be lysed.

A

Transmembrane proteins

90
Q

____ controls the transport of sodium and potassium.

A

Sodium-Potassium ATPase

91
Q

In Sodium-Potassium ATPase, ____ is inside while ____ is outside.

A

Potassium; Sodium

92
Q

Intracellularly, the ratio of Na and K is ____.

A

1:12

93
Q

Extracellularly, the ratio of Na and K is ____.

A

25:1

94
Q

Red cell membrane is impermeable to ____.

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Calcium
95
Q

Red cell membrane is permeable to ____.

A
  • Water
  • Bicarbonate
  • Chloride
96
Q

____ forms pores or channels wherein the surface charges create inward waterflow in response to internal osmotic changes.

A

Aquaporin 1

97
Q

____ calcium pump moves calcium out of the cell to plasma against a high concentration gradient.

A

Calcium ATPase

98
Q

To facilitate entry or exit of ions, ____ should be consumed.

A

Energy (ATP)

99
Q

Membrane proteins can be extracted using ____, and will then be separated based on molecular weight and net charge.

A

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-Page)

100
Q

Membrane proteins will be stained using ____ or ____ to identify which proteins are present or absent.

A
  • Periodic acid shift (PAS)
  • Coomassie blue
101
Q

____ provides the shape and deformability for RBCs.

A

Peripheral or Cytoskeletal Protein

102
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Peripheral or Cytoskeletal proteins do not penetrate the lipid bilayer.

A

True

103
Q

____ occurs only outside of the cell.

A

Peripheral or Cytoskeletal Protein

104
Q

____ acts as a tough supporting framework for lipid bilayer.

A

Cytoskeletal Proteins

105
Q

____ is essential to make sure that red cells are intact and can be deformable.

A

Peripheral or Cytoskeletal Proteins

106
Q

Skeletal Proteins

____ forms short filaments which is then regulated by tropomyosin.

A

Actin

107
Q

Skeletal Proteins

Actin forms short filaments which is then regulated by ____.

A

Tropomyosin

108
Q

Skeletal Proteins

____ seal the end portion of the actin.

A

Adducin and Tropomodulin

109
Q

Skeletal Proteins

____ acts as a stabilizer for the actin junctional complex.

A

Dematin

110
Q

Skeletal Proteins

____ forms complex to the integral protein to connect and support lipid bilayer.

A

Ankyrin

111
Q

The main source of energy for red cells is from the ____.

A

glucose in the circulation

112
Q

Once the glucose enters the cell with the help of ____, they will undergo glycolysis.

A

GLUT-1

113
Q

Once the glucose enters the cell with the help of GLUT-1, they will undergo ____.

A

glycolysis

114
Q

Pathways for Red Cell Metabolism

A
  • Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
  • Hexose Monophosphate Shunt or Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
  • Rapoport-Luebering Pathway
  • Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway or Cytochrome B5 Reductase Pathway
115
Q

____ is the main glycolytic pathway in red cell metabolism.

A

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

116
Q

____ of the glucose broken down will enter the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway.

A

90%

117
Q

Red Cell Metabolism Pathways

Anaerobic metabolism which breaks down glucose to form lactic acid and 2 ATPs.

A

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

118
Q

Products of Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

A
  • Lactic acid
  • 2 ATPs
119
Q

Red Cell Metabolism Pathways

The major energy generating pathway of RBCs

A

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

120
Q

Red Cell Metabolism Pathways

Aerobic or oxidative glycolysis which is also known as Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP).

A

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

121
Q

____ of the glucose broken down will enter the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt.

A

10%

122
Q

Red Cell Metabolism Pathways

Allows the red cell to be protected from lysis, oxidation, or oxidative burst caused by different chemicals or oxidants in the system.

A

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

123
Q

Red Cell Metabolism Pathways

It extends the lifespan of the RBCs by maintaining the lipids, proteins, enzymes, hemoglobin, etc.

A

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

124
Q

Red Cell Metabolism Pathways

This pathway provides reduced glutathione to prevent oxidative stress.

A

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

125
Q

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt provides reduced ____ to prevent oxidative stress.

A

glutathione

126
Q

To form NADPH for glutathione reduction, ____ is needed.

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

127
Q

To form ____ for glutathione reduction, G6PD is needed.

A

NADPH

128
Q

What happens to the hemoglobin when red cells are exposed to oxidative damage or stress?

A

It will be denatured

129
Q

When hemoglobin is denatured, it will form ____.

A

Inclusion bodies called “Heinz bodies”

130
Q

Denatured hemoglobin will form inclusion bodies called ____.

A

Heinz bodies

131
Q

____ is used to recover Heinz bodies in the laboratory.

A

Supravital stain

132
Q

Supravital stain is also used for ____.

A

reticulocytes

133
Q

Red Cell Metabolism Pathways

An anaerobic pathway that generates 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity to oxygen.

A

Rapoport-Luebering Pathway

134
Q

Rapoport-Luebering Pathway generates ____.

A

2,3-DPG

135
Q

____ regulates hemoglobin affinity to oxygen.

A

2,3-DPG

136
Q

If 2,3-DPG is present, the hemoglobin will ____ oxygen.

A

release

137
Q

If 2,3-DPG is absent, the hemoglobin will ____ oxygen.

A

conserve

138
Q

Affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin can also be affected by ____.

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • pH
  • Temperature
139
Q

Red Cell Metabolism Pathways

Also known as Cytochrome B5 Reductase Pathways

A

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

140
Q

Red Cell Metabolism Pathways

Ensures that the iron will be converted into its ferrous state

A

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

141
Q

____ is the oxidized form (ferric state) of iron.

A

Methemoglobin

142
Q

In order for oxygen to bind, iron should be on its ____.

A

reduced (ferrous) state

143
Q

Nutritional Requirements of Red Cells

A
  • Protein
  • Lipids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Iron
  • B vitamins
144
Q

____ functions in heme synthesis.

A

Vitamin B6

145
Q

____ is for immature RBCs.

A

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and Folic acid (folate)

146
Q

____ is the dynamics of RBC production and destruction.

A

Erythrokinetics

147
Q

____ is the collection of all stages of erythrocytes.

A

Erythron

148
Q

____ is the entirety of erythroid cells in the body.

A

Erythron

149
Q

____ refers to the cells in the circulation.

A

RBC Mass

150
Q

____ came from the kidneys.

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

151
Q

EPO production is stimulated by ____.

A

hypoxia

152
Q

____ stimulate the precursor cells in the bone marrow to produce RBCs.

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

153
Q

Functions of EPO

A
  • Shift reticulocytes (early release)
  • Inhibition of apoptosis
  • Reduced marrow transit time
154
Q

____ will speed up the maturation process and shortens the cell cycle time.

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

155
Q

Measurement for EPO

A

Chemiluminescence

156
Q

EPO can be used as a medication for patients with ____.

A

chronic kidney disease

157
Q

Methods for Red Cell Destruction

A
  • Extravascular Hemolysis
  • Intravascular Hemolysis
158
Q

Why should old and damaged RBCs be destroyed?

A

To protect young and healthy RBCs

159
Q

____ of red cells leave the circulation every day.

A

1%

160
Q

____ of red cells are removed within the macrophages in the spleen via Extravascular Hemolysis.

A

90%

161
Q

Why can’t old and damaged RBC survive in the spleen?

A

Because they have a fragile cell mebrane

162
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

In extravascular hemolysis, complement is involved.

A

False

163
Q

In extravascular hemolysis, ____ will be the one who will destroy RBCs.

A

splenic macrophages

164
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis

What will happen to the iron content of hemologin?

A
  • It will be recycled
  • Bind to transferrin
  • Stored in the marrow as ferritin or hemosiderin
165
Q

The recycled iron stored in the bone marrow is called ____.

A

ferritin or hemosiderin

166
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis

What will happen to the globin content of hemologin?

A

Recycled

167
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis

What will happen to the heme portion of hemologin?

A
  • Broken down by enzymes
  • Converted to biliverdin via heme oxygenase
168
Q

The heme portion of hemoglobin will be converted to ____ through the enzyme heme oxygenase.

A

biliverdin

169
Q

The heme portion of hemoglobin will be converted to biliverdin through the enzyme ____.

A

heme oxygenase

170
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis

What will happen to the biliverdin converted from hemologin?

A

Reduced by biliverdin reductase to form Indirect or Unconjugated bilirubin (B1)

171
Q

Biliverdin will be reduced by ____ to become indirect or uncojugated bilirubin (B1).

A

biliverdin reductase

172
Q

Biliverdin will be reduced by biliverdin reductase to become ____.

A

indirect or uncojugated bilirubin (B1)

173
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis

What will happen to the bilirubin converted from biliverdin?

A
  • Carried by albumin, goes to the liver
  • Conjugated by the enzyme Uridine Diphosphate Glucoronosyltransferase (UDPGT) to form direct bilirubin (B2)
174
Q

Bilirubin is conjugated by an enzyme called ____ to form direct bilirubin (B2).

A

Uridine Diphosphate Glucoronosyltransferase (UDPGT)

175
Q

Bilirubin is conjugated by an enzyme called Uridine Diphosphate Glucoronosyltransferase (UDPGT) to form ____.

A

direct bilirubin (B2)

176
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis

What will happen to the direct bilirubin conjugated from bilirubin 1?

A
  • Some are released in the intestine to become urobilinogen.
  • Some are reabsorbed in the circulation going into the kidneys and is excreted as urobilinogen.
  • Some urobilinogen will be secreted in the stool in the form of stercobilinogen.
177
Q

____ of red cells are removed within the macrophages in the spleen via Intravascular Hemolysis.

A

10%

178
Q

In intravascular hemolysis, ____ is involved.

A

complement

179
Q

What kind of hemolysis occurs in intravascular hemolysis?

A

Mechanical

180
Q

____ and ____ is measured to know whether there is an intravascular hemolysis.

A

Haptoglobin and Hemopexin

181
Q

What is the expected result if we will measure haptoglobin and hemopexin in determining intravascular hemolysis?

A

Low number of both since they are phagocytized

182
Q

Increased lysis of cells intravascularly can be observed through the presence of ____ and ____ in the urine.

A

hemoglobin and iron

183
Q

Three mechanisms involved in intravascular hemolysis

A
  • Haptoglobin
  • Hemopexin
  • Metheme-albumin complex
184
Q

Organs Important for RBC

Erythropoietin production

A
  • Kidneys
  • Liver (10%)
185
Q

Organs Important for RBC

Store iron, protein, vitamin b12, and folic acid; sythesizes protein

A

Liver

186
Q

Organs Important for RBC

RBC formation

A

Bone marrow

187
Q

Organs Important for RBC

RBC destruction

A

Spleen

Hematology 1 (4 decks)

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