Week 1 Intro to Pharm Flashcards
1
Q
What is Pharmacology?
A
” The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems”
2
Q
Therapeutics
A
Medical use of drugs
3
Q
Factors of an Ideal Drug
A
- Effectiveness, Safety, Selectivity
4
Q
Effectiveness
A
-All drugs have to be effective in order to be approved by FDA #1 factor in ideal drug
5
Q
Safety
A
- Is it safe enough for half of the population to take it
6
Q
Selectivity
A
-Does only want we want it to do
7
Q
Reversible
A
- drug should have reversible effect ex: anesthesia
8
Q
Predictability
A
- sense of what it will do ti individuals
9
Q
ease of administration
A
- simple regimen so that patients can adhere to therapy
10
Q
No interactions of drugs
A
- decrease interactions also decreases harmful interactions
11
Q
Low cost
A
- Affordability is important
12
Q
Chemical stability
A
- a drug that is stable won’t have to be replaced often
13
Q
Simple generic name
A
- easy to pronounce name
14
Q
Objective of drug therapy
A
-Maximum benefit with minimum harm
15
Q
What determines the intensity of the drug response?
A
-Administration, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, Individual variation
16
Q
Administration
A
- if patient is not administering drug right, they are not taking actual amount of dose. Route, timing, dosage is important!
17
Q
Pharmacokinetics
A
“ADME”
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
-Body’s impact on drug: how much an administered dose actually gets to site of action
18
Q
Pharmacodynamics
A
“The impact of the drugs on the body”
- Nature and intensity of response
- Half life, potent, receptor binding, therapeutic index
19
Q
Individual Variation
A
How do one’s individual factors play a role?
-Age, Wt, organ fxn, genetic variables
20
Q
5 Rights of Med Safety
A
Right dose, right patient, right medication, right route, right time
21
Q
Other Rights of Med Safety
A
Right evaluation, right documentation, right education, right assessment, right to refuse
22
Q
Nursing responsibilities/roles in Med Safety?
A
- Pre med administration assessment
- Dosage and administration
- Evaluating and promoting therapeutic effect
- Minimizing side effects & adverse interactions
- Making PRN decisions
23
Q
Pre med admin assessment
A
- Evaluating and gathering baseline data of a patinet
24
Q
Dosage and administration
A
- Look up dose, make sure it’s right, right indications
- Look at route
- Dosage calcs
25
Evaluating and promoting therapeutic effect
- Why you are getting that treatment
- When a response should be seen?
Ex: Insulin and when should you see bg drop or peak in drug
26
Minimizing side effects & adverse interactions
- Educate pts to manage drug therapy
- Educate on what an adverse effect look like
- Educate on Drug interactions
27
Making PRN decisions
- Reason for medication and parameters
| - EX: Zofran: it is used for anti-nausea when someone vomits
28
Managing Toxicity
- Know signs and how to treat it:
| Warfarin- Let pt know signs of bleeding and toxicity in order to give a drug to balance it out
29
Patient Education - Nurse Expectation
- Administering med, tell the patient the dose, the name of drug, expected outcome, length of therapy, purpose of drug, how to store it
30
Medication Tech
- Trained to only administer meds
| - Limited education
31
FDA
- providing drugs on market that are safe and effective
| - sponsors pay FDA in order to get their evaluated
32
Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (2002)
- Requires new drugs to test on children
| - If already on market, patent will be extended for 6 months if trials are conducted on children
33
1990s Mandated inclusion of women and minorities in clinical trials
- Important in determining safety in women and minorities
34
Stages of Drug Approval --- First Stage
1. Preclinical Investigation
- Human cells and animal species in laboratory
- (1-5 years)
- After this they can apply to FDA for trials
35
Second Stage
2. Clinical investigation (Clinical Phase Trials 2-10 yrs)
- Healthy people (20-80)
- Patient w/ disease (100-300)
- Patient in hospital and clinics (1000-3000)
- Small number of patients not a full representation of general population --- Does not guarantee Safety!
- Only take drug for 3-6 months
36
Third Stage
3. Review of New Drug Application (2 mo -7 years)
| - FDA
37
Fourth Stage
Post- marketing surveillance
- monitoring for adverse effects in patients
Ex: Vioxx
38
Drawbacks of approval process
- Relatively small sample size, carefully selected and willing to participate, taking the drug for a short period of time.
39
T/F: If a drug is approved by the FDA it is Safe.
False
40
Time for patent
20 years
41
Controlled Substance Drug Schedules
- Drugs that have potential for abuse
| - Determine if there needs to be a Rx or OTC fro drugs
42
Schedule 1 Drug
- High potential for abuse
- no medical uses for that drug
ex: Marijuana
43
Schedule 4/5
- Least potential for abuse
| - Some 5's can be found OTC
44
Drug classification -- Therapeutic
- Broad description of a drug's therapeutic usefulness
ex: antihypertensive at least 6 drugs
- what you would say to a patient
45
Drug Classification --- Pharmcological
- Narrows down by a drug's mechanism of action
| - what you would say to a instructor
46
Prescription
- -amt is controlled
- frequency is controlled
- need a provider signature
47
OTC
- Should be safe taken as directed
- No provider signature
- No education
48
Trade
- More than one name for each drug
- More $$$
- need approval for brand names
- First letter capitalized
- 17 years after it goes through approval process
49
Generic
- Universally named
- only one name per drug
- lower case
- cheaper
50
T/F you need to know both the generic and trade names for the NCLEX
F: only the generic
51
Brand vs Generic Medications
- Bioavailability, cost, formulations
52
Bioavailability
The amount of active drug that reaches the systemic circulation from its site of administration
53
Formulations
Differences in inert substances
54
T/F : The bioavailability is the same in generic drugs as in trade name counterparts.
T
55
T/F: The rate and extent of absorption is not higher or lower in generics.
F
56
Brand or Generic: What type of name first comes on the market before exclusivity and patent has passed
Brand
57
T/F: We have achieved an Ideal drug
F
58
What are some ideal sources to learn more about drugs?
-TV commercials , Davis Drug Guide, Internet
