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Pharmacology > Week 1 Intro to Pharm > Flashcards

Week 1 Intro to Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pharmacology?

A

” The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems”

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2
Q

Therapeutics

A

Medical use of drugs

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3
Q

Factors of an Ideal Drug

A
  • Effectiveness, Safety, Selectivity
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4
Q

Effectiveness

A

-All drugs have to be effective in order to be approved by FDA #1 factor in ideal drug

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5
Q

Safety

A
  • Is it safe enough for half of the population to take it
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6
Q

Selectivity

A

-Does only want we want it to do

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7
Q

Reversible

A
  • drug should have reversible effect ex: anesthesia
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8
Q

Predictability

A
  • sense of what it will do ti individuals
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9
Q

ease of administration

A
  • simple regimen so that patients can adhere to therapy
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10
Q

No interactions of drugs

A
  • decrease interactions also decreases harmful interactions
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11
Q

Low cost

A
  • Affordability is important
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12
Q

Chemical stability

A
  • a drug that is stable won’t have to be replaced often
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13
Q

Simple generic name

A
  • easy to pronounce name
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14
Q

Objective of drug therapy

A

-Maximum benefit with minimum harm

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15
Q

What determines the intensity of the drug response?

A

-Administration, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, Individual variation

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16
Q

Administration

A
  • if patient is not administering drug right, they are not taking actual amount of dose. Route, timing, dosage is important!
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17
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

“ADME”
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
-Body’s impact on drug: how much an administered dose actually gets to site of action

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18
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

“The impact of the drugs on the body”

  • Nature and intensity of response
  • Half life, potent, receptor binding, therapeutic index
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19
Q

Individual Variation

A

How do one’s individual factors play a role?

-Age, Wt, organ fxn, genetic variables

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20
Q

5 Rights of Med Safety

A

Right dose, right patient, right medication, right route, right time

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21
Q

Other Rights of Med Safety

A

Right evaluation, right documentation, right education, right assessment, right to refuse

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22
Q

Nursing responsibilities/roles in Med Safety?

A
  • Pre med administration assessment
  • Dosage and administration
  • Evaluating and promoting therapeutic effect
  • Minimizing side effects & adverse interactions
  • Making PRN decisions
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23
Q

Pre med admin assessment

A
  • Evaluating and gathering baseline data of a patinet
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24
Q

Dosage and administration

A
  • Look up dose, make sure it’s right, right indications
  • Look at route
  • Dosage calcs
25
Q

Evaluating and promoting therapeutic effect

A
  • Why you are getting that treatment
  • When a response should be seen?
    Ex: Insulin and when should you see bg drop or peak in drug
26
Q

Minimizing side effects & adverse interactions

A
  • Educate pts to manage drug therapy
  • Educate on what an adverse effect look like
  • Educate on Drug interactions
27
Q

Making PRN decisions

A
  • Reason for medication and parameters

- EX: Zofran: it is used for anti-nausea when someone vomits

28
Q

Managing Toxicity

A
  • Know signs and how to treat it:

Warfarin- Let pt know signs of bleeding and toxicity in order to give a drug to balance it out

29
Q

Patient Education - Nurse Expectation

A
  • Administering med, tell the patient the dose, the name of drug, expected outcome, length of therapy, purpose of drug, how to store it
30
Q

Medication Tech

A
  • Trained to only administer meds

- Limited education

31
Q

FDA

A
  • providing drugs on market that are safe and effective

- sponsors pay FDA in order to get their evaluated

32
Q

Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (2002)

A
  • Requires new drugs to test on children

- If already on market, patent will be extended for 6 months if trials are conducted on children

33
Q

1990s Mandated inclusion of women and minorities in clinical trials

A
  • Important in determining safety in women and minorities
34
Q

Stages of Drug Approval — First Stage

A
  1. Preclinical Investigation
    - Human cells and animal species in laboratory
    - (1-5 years)
    - After this they can apply to FDA for trials
35
Q

Second Stage

A
  1. Clinical investigation (Clinical Phase Trials 2-10 yrs)
    - Healthy people (20-80)
    - Patient w/ disease (100-300)
    - Patient in hospital and clinics (1000-3000)
    - Small number of patients not a full representation of general population — Does not guarantee Safety!
    - Only take drug for 3-6 months
36
Q

Third Stage

A
  1. Review of New Drug Application (2 mo -7 years)

- FDA

37
Q

Fourth Stage

A

Post- marketing surveillance
- monitoring for adverse effects in patients
Ex: Vioxx

38
Q

Drawbacks of approval process

A
  • Relatively small sample size, carefully selected and willing to participate, taking the drug for a short period of time.
39
Q

T/F: If a drug is approved by the FDA it is Safe.

A

False

40
Q

Time for patent

A

20 years

41
Q

Controlled Substance Drug Schedules

A
  • Drugs that have potential for abuse

- Determine if there needs to be a Rx or OTC fro drugs

42
Q

Schedule 1 Drug

A
  • High potential for abuse
  • no medical uses for that drug
    ex: Marijuana
43
Q

Schedule 4/5

A
  • Least potential for abuse

- Some 5’s can be found OTC

44
Q

Drug classification – Therapeutic

A
  • Broad description of a drug’s therapeutic usefulness
    ex: antihypertensive at least 6 drugs
  • what you would say to a patient
45
Q

Drug Classification — Pharmcological

A
  • Narrows down by a drug’s mechanism of action

- what you would say to a instructor

46
Q

Prescription

A
  • -amt is controlled
  • frequency is controlled
  • need a provider signature
47
Q

OTC

A
  • Should be safe taken as directed
  • No provider signature
  • No education
48
Q

Trade

A
  • More than one name for each drug
  • More $$$
  • need approval for brand names
  • First letter capitalized
  • 17 years after it goes through approval process
49
Q

Generic

A
  • Universally named
  • only one name per drug
  • lower case
  • cheaper
50
Q

T/F you need to know both the generic and trade names for the NCLEX

A

F: only the generic

51
Q

Brand vs Generic Medications

A
  • Bioavailability, cost, formulations
52
Q

Bioavailability

A

The amount of active drug that reaches the systemic circulation from its site of administration

53
Q

Formulations

A

Differences in inert substances

54
Q

T/F : The bioavailability is the same in generic drugs as in trade name counterparts.

A

T

55
Q

T/F: The rate and extent of absorption is not higher or lower in generics.

A

F

56
Q

Brand or Generic: What type of name first comes on the market before exclusivity and patent has passed

A

Brand

57
Q

T/F: We have achieved an Ideal drug

A

F

58
Q

What are some ideal sources to learn more about drugs?

A

-TV commercials , Davis Drug Guide, Internet

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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