Week 1 - Intro and Red Blood Cells

Question 1

5 functions of blood

Answer 1

1. Transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
2. Regulates the composition of interstitial fluid
3. Restricts fluid loss at injury sites via blood clotting
4. Defends against toxins and pathogens
5. Regulates body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat

Question 1

amount of blood in males

Answer 1

5L in 70kg male

Question 2

amount of blood in females

Answer 2

4L in 58kg female

Question 3

hematocrit

Answer 3

percent of total blood volume occupied by packed centrifuge cells (some white blood cells too)

Question 4

hematocrit percentage in males

Answer 4

40-54%

Question 5

hematocrit percentage in females

Answer 5

37-47%

Question 6

what does blood consist of?

Answer 6

plasma (46-63%) + formed elements (includes all cells and platelets - 37-54%)

Question 7

why do males have a higher hematocrit than females?

Answer 7

testosterone plays a role in the development of RBCs

Question 8

main components of plasma

Answer 8

water (92%), organic molecules, ions, trace elements and vitamins, gases (O2 and CO2)

Question 9

plasma - organic molecules

Answer 9

amino acids, proteins, glucose, lipids, nitrogenous wastes

Question 10

plasma proteins

Answer 10

they consist of 7% of plasma
albumin (60%), globulins, fibrinogen and transferrin

Question 11

general functions of plasma proteins

Answer 11

generate colloid osmotic pressure and buffer pH

Question 12

function of albumin

Answer 12

generate colloid osmotic pressure

Question 13

function of alpha and beta globulins

Answer 13

clotting factors, enzymes and carriers

Question 14

function of gamma globulin

Answer 14

antibodies

Question 15

function of fibrinogen

Answer 15

cleaved to form fibrin during blood clotting

Question 16

function of transferrin

Answer 16

iron transport

Question 17

what do formed elements include

Answer 17

99.9% red blood cells/erythrocytes, 0.1% leukocytes, platelets/thrombocytes

Question 18

types of leukocytes

Answer 18

lymphocytes (20-40%), monocytes (2-8%), neutrophils (50-80%), eosinophils (1-4%), basophils (less than 1%)

Question 19

phagocytes

Answer 19

monocytes and neutrophils

Question 20

granulocytes

Answer 20

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 20

where do cells in the embryo come from

Answer 20

they come from the yolk sac 3 weeks after gestation, then the liver, spleen and bone marrow take over

Question 21

where do cells come from after birth

Answer 21

bone marrow

Question 22

where do cells come from in adults

Answer 22

pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium and proximal end of long bones

Question 23

hematopoiesis

Answer 23

it's the step-wise differentiation of a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell to different cells in circulation

Question 24

probability of cell being a hematopoeitic stem cell

Answer 24

1 in 100,000

Question 25

percentage of developing erythrocytes and leukocytes in bone marrow

Answer 25

25% are developing erythrocytes and 75% are developing leukocytes

Question 26

what regulates hematopoiesis

Answer 26

cytokines

Question 27

erythropoietin - where are they produced and what do they influence the growth of?

Answer 27

produced in kidney cells primarily and influences the growth and differentiation of red blood cells

Question 28

thrombopoietin - where are they produced and what do they influence the growth of?

Answer 28

produced in the liver and primarily influence the growth of megakaryocytes

Question 29

colony stimulating factors, interleukins and stem cell factors - where are they produced and what do they influence the growth of?

Answer 29

they produced in the endothelium and fibroblasts of bone marrow, leukocytes they influence the growth and differentiation of all types of blood cells, and mobilize hematopoietic cells

Question 30

what RBCs filled with

Answer 30

they are bags filled with hemoglobin and ensymes

Question 31

what are RBCs needed fo

Answer 31

oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

Question 32

amount of RBCs in blood

Answer 32

5 million RBS/micro L of blood

Question 33

structure of haemoglobin

Answer 33

quartenary structure; 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits they interact non covalently wit4 porphyrin rings nd are hence able to bind to 4O molecules

Question 34

cooperative binding

Answer 34

when 1 O binds it makes it easier for next O to bind

Question 35

ferrous and ferric states of haemoglobin

Answer 35

ferrous state - when unbound ferric state - when bound to O non-covalently

Question 36

how many RBCs made per second

Answer 36

2-3 million

Question 37

life span of RBC

Answer 37

120 days

Question 38

erythropoiesis

Answer 38

erythropoietin promotes erythropoiesis

Question 38

when is erythropoietin produced

Answer 38

in response to low O levels which stabilize transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor and hence activate transcription of erythropoietin gene, which leads to the synthesis of erythropoietin protein it requires iron, vitamin b12, and folate in the diet

Question 39

what do the RBCS in macrophages break down to give

Answer 39

amino acids, heme

Question 40

what does heme break down to give

Answer 40

bilverdin and then bilirubin

Question 41

jaundice

Answer 41

hyperbilirubinemia

Question 42

why is jaundice caused

Answer 42

due to high turnover of RBC, liver disease and bile duct obstruction

Question 43

anemia

Answer 43

reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen due to low number of reb blood cells/low hemoglobin

Question 44

symptoms of anemia

Answer 44

tired, weak, pale skin, headaches. dizzy, etc

Question 45

anaemia - low production of RBC

Answer 45

destruction of stem cells via drugs and radiation (aplastic) inadequate nutrients: iron, folic acid, vitamin B12, low erythropoietin

Question 46

hemolytic cause of anemia - high removal

Answer 46

defect in rbc proteins, parasitic infection,, drugs (some antibiotic and anti-seizure) drugs, autoimmune reactions

Question 47

hemorrhagic cause of anemia - high removal

Answer 47

excessive blood loss

Question 48

polycythemia

Answer 48

hematocrit too high (>54%) high blood viscosity

Question 49

causes of polycythemia

Answer 49

abnormal eythrocyte precursors and low oxygen delivery to tissues (blood doping)