Week 1: History and Epidemiology of Periodontal Disease Flashcards
gingivitis is limited to destruction in _____ surrounding the teeth
tissue (not bone!)
periodontal disease includes ____ destruction and ___ loss
tissue, bone
true/false, periodontal disease is a recent discovery
false, it is not a decent discovery
in ____ BC medical texts mention teeth cleaning procedures, first dental textbook by assyro-bablonians
3000 BC
historical background: ___ and ____ described periodontal disease as inflammatory conditions
Egyptians and Chinese
_____ described the first tooth scraper in ___-__ BC
Aristotle, 394-322 BC
___ discussed the etiology and pathogenesis when “gums were bleeding or rotten” around ___-___ BC
Hippocrates; 460-377 BC
who used hot irons to extract teeth?
Romans
wrote De Medicina (which discussed how to stabilize loose teeth and oral hygiene) around ___ BC to ___ AD
Aulus Cornelius Celsus; 25BC - 50AD
father of surgery, developed periodontal instruments
Albucasis ~900-1000 CE
who is the father of modern dentistry?
Pierre Fauchard
historical names for periodontal disease
Rigg’s disease, pyorrhea
earliest periodontal disease studies occurred when? what did it focus on?
early 1900s, focused on prevalence
first dental hygiene unit in the NIH was created when?
1931
when were periodontal probes created?
1948-1958
when were powered scalers created?
1960s
which came first, the subgingival or supra-gingival polisher?
supra-gingival came first
periodontal disease can vary in the following 3 ways…
- one patient to another
- one site to another
- one type of periodontal disease to another
theory that states…
- PD impacts whole mouth
- all cases of gingivitis progress
- all PD cases progress at a slow and steady rate
continuous progression theory
theory that states…
- plaque not the sole cause
- disease activity is episodic
- gingivitis does not always progress to periodontitis
intermittent progression theory
when was the intermittent progression theory introduced/accepted?
~1980s
theory that states that factors from... -bacteria -host -local factors -genetics ...all play a role, and each person responds differently
multifactorial model
when was the multifactorial theory introduced/accepted?
~1990s
early 2000s model of periodontal disease addresses these 4 factors
heredity
habits
social atmosphere
periodontal pathogens
newer model of periodontal disease
polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD)
keystone pathogen
P. gingivalis
accessory pathogen
S. mitis
P. gingivalis and S. mitis can tip body into homeostasis, true or false?
false, it tips them out
the study of health and disease within a population and includes behavioral, environment, and genetic risk factors that influence health/disease
epidemiology
3 goals of epidemiological research
- determine amount and distribution of disease
- investigate causes of disease
- apply knowledge for control/prevention
the number of new cases within a population
incidence
total amount of all cases, new AND old
prevalence
difference between the incidence and prevalence
incidence = new ONLY, prevalence = new + old
an event or characteristic associated with disease
risk factors
examples of risk factors
diet, stress, tobacco, hygiene
examples of demographic risk factors
age, biological sex, race, socio-economic (SES), barriers to care
chronic inflammation in the periodontium can cause other diseases, such as…
- cardiovascular disease
- cancer
- neurological conditions
- diabetes
true or false, periodontal disease is chronic inflammation
true
a process by which treatment methods are tested for efficacy
scientific method
evidence-based dentistry includes
- dentist’s experience
- patient needs/preferences
- scientific evidence
two broad types of study designs
observational, experimental
types of experimental studies
randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials
types of observational studies
cohort studies, case-control studies, cross sectional studies, ecological studies
sulcus measurements in healthy periodontium
1-3mm
healthy periodontium: junctional epithelium is ___ attached and slightly ___ to the CEJ
firmly, coronal
is gingivitis reversible?
yes, it is reversible
is periodontitis reversible?
no, it is not reversible (d/t bone loss and ligament attachment loss)
sulcus measurements increase due to ________ not due to _______ ___
inflammation/swelling, attachment loss
gingivitis with classic inflammation markers (redness, inflammation, etc.)
acute gingivitis
gingivitis with fibrotic, loss of severe redness
chronic gingivitis
periodontitis: attachment ____ to the CEJ
apical
which is more severe, blunted or cratered papillae?
cratered
prevalence of gingivitis in…
children =
males 18-64 =
females 18-64 =
40-60%, 47%, 39%
are males or females more likely to have periodontitis?
males
prevalence of periodontal disease _____ with age
increases
__% of people 65 and over are edentulous
30%
no calculus feels ___ by the explorer
smooth
calculus spicules feel like ____ ____ by the explorer
various bumps
calculus ledges feel like a…
speedbump
overhanging restorations feel like a…
step up
deficient margins in restorations feel like a…
step down
caries lesion/decay feels like…
pothole
