Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Molecular Cell Bio > Week 1 Exam > Flashcards

Week 1 Exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

these bonds exist between the nucleotides across the DNA strands

A

hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

these bonds exist between the nucleotides along the sugar-phosphate backbone

A

covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

these consist of a nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar, and phosphate groups
are subunits of nucleic acids

A

nucelotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a strong chemical bond with a sharing of electron pairs with a balance of attractive and repulsive forces

A

covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

this group is attached to the sugars 5’ carbon

A

phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

this group is attached to the sugars 3’ carbon

A

hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

this base attaches to the 1’ carbon

A

nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nucleotide’s are joined by this bond by it attaching to the 3’ carbon of the next nucleotide to form a polynucleotide

A

phosphodiester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Skip

A

Skip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rate at which observable changes occur in DNA sequences

A

mutation rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

transmit genetic info from parent offspring (contain heritable info so a mutation in DNA here will affect offspring)

A

germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

form the body ( mutations in DNA of these cells only affect the body not the offspring)

A

somatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mechanism that cells use to make a complementary sequence of one DNA strand from another

A

DNA templating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

one parent (template) strand and one new strand in each daughter cell

A

semi conservative replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

keeps DNA double strand from becoming tangled as it unwinds

A

topoisomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

this enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds in DNA replication

A

helicase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase

A

leading strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

synthesized discontinuously in fragments, called okazaki fragments and then ligated together by a different DNA polymerase

A

Lagging Strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

makes short RNA pieces or primers (10 nucleotides long) on the lagging strand

A

DNA primase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Steps in making the lagging stand:

A
  1. RNA primer binds
  2. DNA pol adds nucleotides from RNA primer (5’ to 3’)
  3. DNA pol finishes okazaki fragment
  4. old RNA primer is degraded and replaced with DNA
  5. DNA ligase joins new okazaki fragment to the growing strand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

push DNA polymerase over the parent strand, allowing correct position of molecules for synthesis

A

sliding clamp proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where DNA duplication begins… there are many of these along eukaryotic chromosomes

A

replication origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

allows one copy of each duplicate to be pulled into each daughter cell.

A

centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

this protein is formed at the centromere and attaches both chromosomes to the mitotic spindle

A

kinetochore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

these repeated sequences form the ends of a chromosome and protect the chromosome from being eaten by DNA repair genes

A

telomeres/telomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the ability of a chromosome to fold and unfold into a densely or loosely packed chromatin makes it a; meaning that it has a physical structure that allows it to change shape

A

fractal globule (solenoid model)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

large proteins that act like combs that DNA can twist around.

A

condesins

28
Q

aid in understanding chromatin organization

A

polytene chromosomes

29
Q

inherited not within DNA but in addition to it

A

epigenetic inheritence

30
Q

highly condensed chromatin that contains very few genes or silenced genes; transcriptionally inactive

A

heterochromatin

31
Q

less condensed chromatin that can be packaged into heterochromatin

A

euchromatin

32
Q

serve to separate the heterochromatin from the euchromatin at the nuclear pore.

A

barrier proteins

33
Q

large blocks of human genome contains the exact same genes in the exact same order as in other mammals

A

conserved synteny

34
Q

entire genetic makeup of an organism

A

genome

35
Q

Universal Features of All Cells

A

DNA
- cells replicate through templated polymerization
- use RNA as intermediate via transcription
- use proteins as enzyme catalysts and these catalytic reactions form new DNA
- use tRNA to translate RNA into protein
proteins are encoded by specific genes
- free energy is required of many cell processes (ATP)
- have plasma membranes
- can exist with about 300 genes

36
Q

a double layer of membrane that surrounds the nucleus and separates the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm; preforated by nuclear pores

A

nuclear envelope

37
Q

this is synthesized on a template that is a preexisting DNA strand with hydrogen bonds formed between the bases

A

DNA

38
Q

copying (or templated polymerization) of a single strand of DNA to form a second strand of DNA is called

A

replication

39
Q

the idea of DNA is used to make something useful for the organism. so DNA must be expressed as a protein.

A

central dogma of life

40
Q

replicates and repairs mitochondrial DNA

A

Pol γ (gamma)

41
Q

forms complex with DNA pol subunits to act as a primase (synthesizing RNA primer) then elongates that primer for ~20 nucleotides; starts the process

A

Pol α (alpha)
primase

42
Q

exonuclease function involved in lagging strand synthesis; takes over from DNA poly (a)

A

Pol δ (delta)

43
Q

exonuclease function synthesizes the leading strand

A

Pol ε (epsilon)

44
Q

DNA repair (base excision & gap filling)

A

Pol β (beta)

45
Q

non-homologous; end joining repair

A

Pol λ and μ (lambda and mu)

46
Q

translesion synthesis; not really good and will replicate through damaged DNA but useful

A

Pol η, ι, κ (eta, iota, kappa)

47
Q

small vesicles where hydrogen peroxides are used to inactivate toxic molecules

A

peroxisomes

48
Q

take up oxygen and harness energy from the oxidation of food molecules to produce most of the ATP that powers the cells activities

A

mitochondria

49
Q

translate RNAs to proteins and it is also where most of the cells metabolic processes take place

A

ribosomes

50
Q

segment of a DNA sequence corresponding either to a single protein or a single catalytic, regulatory or structural RNA molecule

A

Gene

51
Q

any protein that influences the regions of a DNA molecule that are transcribed by RNA polymerase during the process of transcription

A

regulatory proteins

52
Q

no distinct DNA compartment (DNA floats free, have cell walls outside of the plasma membrane, no mitochondria or very few

A

prokaryotic cells

53
Q

larger size, more elaborate structure, bigger genomes, DNA in nucleus, complex cytoskeleton, ability to phagocytose things

A

eukaryotic cells

54
Q

the way in which DNA information is copied throughout the living world

A

templated polymerization

55
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases

A

gaucher disease, tay-sachs, metachromatic leukodystrophy, hurler syndromes

56
Q

deficiency of a specific lysozyme located within the lysosomes of the cells. absence of specific lysozyme leads to lack of degradation of certain compounds (glycosphingolipids) and their eventual accumulation in cells

A

lysosomal storage disease

57
Q

formed at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. allows for origin of replication to be used. at the beginning of s phase, CDKs phosphorylate replication proteins, causing disassembly of this and initiation of DNA replication

A

pre-replicative complex

58
Q

the number of complete homologous sets of chromosomes in a genome

A

ploidy

59
Q

different number of chromosomes; a loss or gain of a chromosome, either a sex chromosome or an autosome

A

Aneuploidy

60
Q

breakage or loss of a portion of a chromosome that leads to the loss of specific genes in that deleted region

A

deletions

61
Q

breakage of two chromosomes with transfer of one broken segment to another chromosome

A

translocations

62
Q

breaking of a chromosome at centromere, with one arm of a chromosome being duplicated resulting in a chromosome with two p’s or two q’s

A

isochrome formations

63
Q

breakage of two chromosomes with transfer of one broken segment to another chromosome

A

translocations

64
Q

disease caused by chromosomal translocation

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia t(9;22)

65
Q
A

Molecular Cell Bio (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions