CANCER

Question 1

a collection of disorders that share two properties: cell reproduction and division despite various restraints and controls invasion

Answer 1

cancers

Question 2

mass of cells or tumor; if benign, then there is no invasion

Answer 2

neoplasm

Question 3

neoplasms invade nearby tissues

Answer 3

malignant

Question 4

cancers arising from epithelial cells (most of our cells are these so 80% of cancers are these)

Answer 4

carcinoma

Question 5

cancers arising from connective tissue or muscle cells

Answer 5

sarcoma

Question 6

white blood cells and immature precursors proliferate

Answer 6

lymphoma and leukemia

Question 7

list the 5 mutations that are required for onset clinically observable tumors

Answer 7

gene amplification
nonsense mutations
gene deletion
gene rearrangements
point mutations

Question 8

list the three types of cancer critical genes

Answer 8

proto-oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
DNA maintenance genes

Question 9

necessary for normal cellular proliferation; originally obtained from viruses

Answer 9

proto-oncogenes

Question 10

originate from proto-oncogenes that encode protein products that control cell growth and differentiation

Answer 10

oncogenes

Question 11

encode for protein products that suppress tumor formation by controlling cell growth

Answer 11

tumor suppressor genes

Question 12

result in inactivation of the tumor suppressor protein and can lead to uncontrolled cellular proliferation

Answer 12

loss of function mutations

Question 13

tumor suppressor gene, DNA repair gene.
only functions in certain circumstances, limiting the harm done by DNA damage

Answer 13

p53

Question 14

loss of p53 promotes cancer by

Answer 14

allowing DNA-damaged cells to divide
allows damaged cells to escape apoptosis
leads to genetic instability
makes cells resistant to anti-cancer drugs

Question 15

stop growth of hormone sensitive tumors for breast and prostate cancers

Answer 15

hormone therapies

Question 16

blocks signal transduction in continuously dividing cells

Answer 16

signal transduction inhibitors

Question 17

modifies proteins that are involved in gene expression (e.g regulatory proteins)

Answer 17

gene expression inhibitors

Question 18

get around cancers ability to avoid apoptosis

Answer 18

apoptosis inducers

Question 19

target proteins that stimulate new blood vessel growth

Answer 19

angiogenesis inhibitors