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NSB231 > Week 1 Diabetes > Flashcards

Week 1 Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of diabetes?

A

Type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes

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2
Q

Explain type 1 diabetes:

A

It is an autoimmune disease characterised by insulin deficiency due to the destruction of beta cells.

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3
Q

Explain type 2 diabetes:

A

It is a progressive condition of insulin resistance with small less effective insulin being produced

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4
Q

Explain gestational diabetes:

A

It is a glucose intolerance during pregancy

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5
Q

How is glucose made?

A

Through the breakdown of carbs through the digestive process

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6
Q

What is the pathogenesis of type 1 Diabetes?

A

The body attacks its own beta cells. Caused by an environmental trigger, causing the autoimmune response, destruction of beta cells, therefore, no insulin production

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of type 2 Diabetes?

A

The bgl rise in the bloodstream, some in glucose going to the brain and the pancreas is overworked and cannot produce the same amounts of insulin.

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8
Q

How to manage type 1 diabetes?

A

Insulin therapy

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9
Q

How to manage type 2 diabetes?

A

Lifestyle changes, medication and insulin

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10
Q

How to monitor glucose?

A

HbA1C test, finger pricks, or continuous glucose monitoring

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11
Q

What is HbA1C?

A

It is a blood test that is used to indicate the % of glucose that is in the blood over the last few months

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12
Q

What is a hypoglycemia mmol/L?

A

below 4 in adults and below 6 in elderly

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13
Q

What is hyperglycemia mmol/L?

A

Above 15mmol/L

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14
Q

What is the cause of hypoglycaemia?

A

too much medication, delayed meals, low carbs, alcohol

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A

Sweating, shaking, raised BPM, hungry, headache, unfocused, aggressive

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16
Q

How to treat hypoglycaemia?

A

15g of fast-acting carb every 15 minutes until bgl over 4mmol/L and a long-acting carb once over.

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17
Q

What is DKA?

A

diabetic ketone acidosis

18
Q

What are the signs of DKA?

A

Blurred vision, rapid breathing, weight loss, polyuria, polydipsia, vomiting, pain and smelly breath

19
Q

Explain diabetic ketone acidosis?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis is when there are high levels of blood acids called ketones.

20
Q

What is HbA1c also known as?

A

glycated haemoglobin

21
Q

Explain patho of HbA1c?

A

It is when glucose binds with red blood cells. The body does not use this insulin up properly therefore it remains in the blood and a high HbA1c indicts too much sugar in the blood.

22
Q

How does DKA happen?

A

The body can’t produce enough insulin. The body breaks down fat as fuel. This process produces a buildup of acids in the bloodstream called ketones, eventually leading to diabetic ketoacidosis if untreated.

23
Q

What do blood tests look for in diabetic people?

A

Blood tests, including fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, HbA 1c , fructosamine, lipid profile, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, electrolytes, islet cell autoantibodies
• Urine for complete urinalysis, microalbuminuria

24
Q

What is a normal blood glucose level for someone without diabetes?

A

3.5-7.8 mmol/L

25
Q

What is the name of the blood test that looks at how much sugar is in the blood over the last 2-3 months?

A

HbA1c

26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, dehydration, weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue, feeling unwell, dry itching skin, leg cramps, slow wound healing, pain in legs, frequent infections

27
Q

What is polyuria?

A

Increased urination

28
Q

What is polydipsia?

A

Intense thirst

29
Q

What is polyphagia?

A

increased hunger and excessive eating

30
Q

When is a woman screened for gestational diabetes?

A

24-28 weeks

31
Q

When is a women screened for gestational diabetes?

A

24-28 weeks

32
Q

Why manage diabetes?

A

Reduce symptoms, reduce risk of complications and improve quality of life

33
Q

How can diabetes affect Large blood vessels?

A

It can cause problems in the heart, brain and legs. This can cause heart attack, stroke or circulation problems in the lower limbs.

34
Q

How can diabetes affect small blood vessels?

A

Causes problems with eyes, kidneys, feet and nerves.

35
Q

What other areas of the body can diabetes affect?

A

Skin and teeth.

36
Q

What are some ways to manage diabetes?

A

Education, stop smoking, health eating, regular exercise, bgl monitoring, medication, insulin, regular check-ups and mental health support

37
Q

What is the annual cycle of care?

A

A guideline about how often to have check ups.

38
Q

What is a target fasting bgl for type 1 diabetes?

A

4-7mmol/L

39
Q

What is a target fasting bgl for type 2 diabetes?

A

4-7mmol/L

40
Q

What is a target bgl 2 hours after starting meal for type 1 diabetes?

A

5-10mmol/L

41
Q

What is a target bgl 2 hours after starting meal for type 2 diabetes?

A

5-10mmol/L

42
Q

What is a before bed bgl target for type 1 diabetes?

A

4.4-7.8 mmol/L

NSB231 (5 decks)

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