week 1 content COPY Flashcards
Labs can be taken from: SATA
- Blood
- Vein
- Finger stick
- Artery (ABG)
- Urine
- Stool
- Sputum
- Xray
- Scans
- Blood
- Vein
- Finger stick
- Artery (ABG)
- Urine
- Stool
- Sputum
X- Xray - dx
X- Scans - dx
labs or diagnostic tools?
- Xray
- CT/MRI Scans
diagnostic tools
Oximetry – measures the amount of __________ that is carrying ____________
_________ (and hgb and iron within it) carry oxygen
_________ = tells how many hgb within RBC are carrying oxygen
Hct = total volume of________ in ________ (%)
Oximetry – the amount of hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen
RBC (and hgb and iron within RBC) carry oxygen
O2 sat = tells how many hgb within RBC are carrying oxygen
Hct = total volume of RBC in blood (%)
which of these could cause low O2 levels SATA
- Hypoventilation
- Atelectasis
- Pneumothorax
- Other lung problems
ALL
- Hypoventilation - lungs do not breathe in enough oxygen or breathe out enough CO2
- Atelectasis – collapsed lung
- Pneumothorax - air leaks into the space between the lung and the chest wall.
- Other lung problems
which of these could you place Pulse ox on
- Finger – no nail polish
- Finger - nail polish
- Earlobe
- Toe
- Finger – no nail polish
X- Finger - nail polish - Earlobe
- Toe
sputum studies:
- Culture and sensitivity – identifies ________
- gram stain – identifies_________
- Cytology – identifies ________
- AFB – identifies __________
- Culture and sensitivity – identifies bacteria
- gram stain – identifies bacteria
- Cytology – identifies cancer
- AFB – identifies TB
When collecting sputum T/F
- Collect deep sputum, not mouth saliva
- Sterile container
- Send to lab asap
- Night sputum specimen is best
- suction sputum if pt cant cough productively
When collecting sputum
- Collect deep sputum, not mouth saliva
- Sterile container
- Send to lab asap
X- Morning specimen best when sputum has settled overnight
- If pt cant cough productively – suction
radiology consists of CXR, CT, MRI, and PET scan
T/F
true
CXR, CT, MRI, and PET scan?
- 3D image of lung
- Remove metal from neck to waist
- Views are posterior, anterior, lateral
chest xray CXR
CXR, CT, MRI, and PET scan?
- Shows structures
- Typically preferred for lungs
- May require sedation for comfort purposes
- With or without iodine based contrast
CT
CT scan with contrast: T/F
- With contrast – injected into IV, highlights internal structures
- Assess liver function – BUN/creatinine if elevated let HCP know
- contrast is not iodine based - assessment of allergies is not needed
- Teach – warm flush feeling
- Force fluids afterwards to flush contrast out
- With contrast – injected into IV, highlights internal structures
X- Assess renal function – BUN/creatinine if elevated let HCP know
X- Assess allergy to shellfish – contrast is iodine based - Teach – warm flush feeling
- Force fluids afterwards to flush contrast out
CXR, CT, MRI, and PET scan?
- Used to assess things that are difficult to assess by other scans – lung apex
- Used to distinguish vascular and nonvascular structures
- Uses IV contrast – not iodine based
- May require sedation for comfort purposes
- Remove anything metal
MRI
CXR, CT, MRI, and PET scan?
- Uses radioactive substance – tracer, to look for lung disease/cancer
- Looks at body function (CT/MRI looks at structure)
- Blood flow
- Use of O2
- Uptake of sugar
PET scan
CXR, CT, MRI, and PET scan?
remove metal =
iodine based contrast =
not iodine based contrast =
with or without contrast =
with contrast =
looks at structures =
looks at body function =
remove metal = MRI, Xray
iodine based contrast = CT
not iodine based contrast = MRI
with or without contrast = CT
with contrast = MRI
looks at structures = CT, MRI
looks at body function = PET
tb test
__________ = intradermal skin test
__________ = interferon gamma release assay
blood test
mantoux
- Skin - TB skin test/Mantoux – intradermally
- Blood - Interferon-gamma release assay blood test (IGRA)
___________oscopy
- Scope bronchi via mouth
- Visualize bronchi
- Can obtain biopsy specimen or provide treatment (remove secretions)
- Nasopharynx or oropharynx is anesthetized
Bronchoscopy
Pre nursing care or Post nursing care: bronchoscopy
- Consent – invasive procedure
- Sedative
- NPO until gag reflex returns
- Blood tinged mucus – expected finding
- monitor for Hemorrhage (increased HR) (if biopsy)
- monitor for Pneumothorax (SOA) (if biopsy)
- NPO 6-12 hours
Pre nursing care
- Consent – invasive procedure
- NPO 6-12 hours
- Sedative
Post nursing care
- NPO until gag reflex returns
- Blood tinged mucus – expected finding
- If biopsy done – monitor for
- Hemorrhage – increased HR
- Pneumothorax – SOA
Lung biopsy can be done: T/F
- Bronchoscope – uses scope to perform biopsy
- Transthoracic needle aspiration - needle to lung
- Open lung biopsy – incision over site, lung tissue removed
- Video assisted thoracic surgery/VATS – uses camera and forceps
true
Thoracentesis - Large bore needle into pleural space
T/F
- Obtain fluid for dx
- Remove pleural fluid
- Instill medication
- pulmonary function test
- Obtain fluid for dx
- Remove pleural fluid
- Instill medication
X- pulmonary function test
Pre nursing care or Post nursing care: Thoracentesis - Large bore needle into pleural space
- Consent
- Sit upright with legs off side of bed and elbows on overhead table
- Pt should not talk/move
- CXR
- Assess for hypoxia and pneumothorax
Pre nursing care
- Consent
- Sit upright with legs off side of bed and elbows on overhead table
- Pt should not talk during procedure
Post nursing care
- CXR
- Assess for hypoxia and pneumothorax
Pulmonary function test - Measures ________________ in seconds
Forced expiratory volume - Max amount of air__________ in 1 sec
Low FEV seen in pts with __________
Pulmonary function test
Measures lung function in seconds
Forced expiratory volume
FEV
Max amount of air expired forcefully in 1 sec
Low FEV seen in pts with COPD – difficult to push air out
Treatment - Posterior or Anterior epistaxis?
- Position upright/lean forward
- Pressure/pinch nose
- Ice
- Nasal tampons
- Avoid blowing nose
anterior
Treatment - Posterior or Anterior epistaxis?
- Emergency
- Balloon cath
- Assess resp status
- Saline spray/Humidification
- Oxygen
- Bed rest
- Pain control – avoid ASA/NSAIDS
- Oral care
- Avoid strenuous activity
posterior
- Emergency bc location makes it hard to pinch to stop bleeding
- nose Irritation
- nose Trauma
- nose Infection
- Foreign bodies in nose
- Tumors in nose
- Systemic disease – hypertension
- Systemic treatment – chemo, anticoagulants
all causes of _________
Epistaxis
nose bleed
Risk factors for OSA
- Increased age
- Female
- Obese
- Nasopharyngeal structural abnormalities
- Smoking
- Increased age
X- Male - Obese
- Nasopharyngeal structural abnormalities
- Smoking
OSA
potentially 3 issues during sleep caused by collapse of upper airway
1.
2.
3.
- Obstructive apnea - blocked airway
- hypopnea - slow breathing
- respiratory effort related arousals - brain wakes person up to restore breathing
s/s
- Daytime sleepiness
- Morning headache
- Obese
- Large neck/waist circumference
- partner c/o patient is Snoring, choking, gasping during sleep
OSA
Possible associated complications of what upper respiratory issue?
- MVA
- Neuropsychiatric dysfunction
- HTN
- Heart failure
- Metabolic syndrome
OSA
the gold standard Diagnostic test for ___________ is polysomnography
OSA
treatment for _________ includes
- CPAP
- Bipap
- Weight reduction and exercise
- Avoid alcohol and smoking
- Sleep on side
- Improve sleep routine
- Oral appliances – for mild to moderate cases
- Surgery - Tissue removal, Jaw reposition, Implant, Tracheostomy
OSA
CPAP or bipap
- Most common treatment for OSA
- Simple
- Cheap
- Doesn’t augment ventilation other than to maintain upper airway patency
- No supplemental o2 involved
- Inhalation only pressure
CPAP
CPAP or bipap
- Inhalation and exhalation pressure
- Kind of like last step to prevent intubation
- Used in more than just treatment for OSA pts – neuromuscular disease, chest wall deformity, COPD
bipap
Shiley or jackson trach
- Disposable
- Cuff
- Obturator
- Short term
Shiley
Shiley or jackson trach
- Reusable
- No cuff
- Obturator
- Long term
jackson