week 1 content Flashcards

1
Q

phenotype =

karyotype =

  • female karyotype _ _ _ _
  • male karyotype _ _ _ _
  • male with down syndrome karyotype
A

karyotype – pictorial view of chromosomes; tells number,
structure and sex

  • female karyotype – 46XX
  • male karyotype – 46XY
  • normal karyotype has 23 pairs of autosomes
  • male with down syndrome

karyotype – 47 XY +21 (the +21 tells where the extra chromosome is)
phenotype – observable expressions of trait

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2
Q

autosomal dominant disorder -
what would each of these autosomes mean for this disorder
BB
Bb
bb

A

Has to have at least 1 big B for this disorder to happen

BB - disorder would happen
Bb - disorder would happen
bb - disorder would not happen

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3
Q

autosomal recessive disorder -
what would each of these autosomes mean for this disorder
BB
Bb
bb

A

Has to have bb for this disorder to happen

BB - disorder would not happen
Bb - would be an asymptomatic carrier
bb - disorder would happen

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4
Q

Umbilical cord
- Connects __ and __
- #__ arteries – carry ____
- # __ vein – carry ______
- Surrounded by _____
- sensory or motor innervation ?
- Twisted/spiral shape due ____

A

Umbilical cord
- Connects placenta and fetus
- 2 arteries – carry deoxygenated blood and waste from baby to placenta
- 1 vein – oxygenated blood from placenta to baby
- Surrounded by whartons jelly – connective tissue
- No sensory or motor innervation – no pain
- Twisted/spiral shape due to fetal movement

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5
Q

Decrease in normal vaginal flora (natural defense), bacteria overgrowth

A

Bacterial vaginosis

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6
Q
  • Heart beat begins
  • Arm and leg buds
  • Vertebrae
  • Lung buds
  • Eyes and ears begin forming
A

week 4

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7
Q
  • Trachea
  • Nares
  • Liver produces blood cells
  • Heart begins circulation of blood
  • Digits develop
  • Tail recedes
A

week 6

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8
Q

skin changes

hyper/hypo pigmentation
striae?
chloasma - what and where?
vascular spider nevi?
hair growth i/d
sweat and sebaceous glands i/d
linea nigra - what and where?

A
  • hyperpigmentation
  • striae – stretch marks
  • facial chloasma – hormonal changes cause darker skin on face, avoid sun
  • vascular spider nevi – vascular lesions
  • decreased hair growth
  • hyperactive sweat and sebaceous glands
  • linea nigra - It appears as a dark, vertical line running down the center of your belly, usually from your belly button (umbilicus) to your pubic area, hormonal and normal, resolves itself after pregnancy
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9
Q

positive signs of pregnancy

A

Signs that are attributed only to the presence of the fetus, can only be caused by pregnancy
- Auscultation of fetal heartbeat
- Fetal movement
- Visualization of the fetus

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10
Q

detected in pregnancy test

A

hCG –

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11
Q

Enlarged ovaries, many small cysts along outer edge of ovaries

A

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

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12
Q

uterus changes

uterus size i/d____
fibrous tissue i/d____
blood flow i/d___
what type of contractions?
which way does uterus tilt when pregnant?

A
  • Hypertrophy
  • Fibrous tissue increase
  • Blood flow increase
  • Braxton hicks contractions - also labor contractions, are a normal part of pregnancy that most women experience in the second or third trimester. They are the uterus’ way of preparing for childbirth by tightening and releasing the muscles.
  • Not pregnant = posterior tilt
  • Pregnant = anterior tilt
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13
Q

eye, cognitive, and metabolic changes

  • intraocular pressure i/d
  • cornea thickens/thins
  • attention, concentration and memory i/d
  • water, fat, and protein storage i/d
  • fats absorbed i/d
A

eye, cognitive, and metabolic
- decreased intraocular pressure
- cornea thickens
- decreased attention, concentration and memory
- extra water, fat, and protein are stored
- fats and more completely absorbed

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14
Q
  • increase in subq fat
  • lanugo disappears
A

week 36

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15
Q

Cause –

s/s – chancre, wart like lesion on vulva, fever, weight loss, malaise, painless

treatment –

A

Syphilis

Chronic infection from contact with open wound or acquired congenitally

Cause – spirochete treponema pallidum

s/s – chancre, wart like lesion on vulva, fever, weight loss, malaise, painless

treatment – penicillin

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Most common STD

A

Chlamydial infection

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18
Q

Cause –

s/s – fever, rash on trunk looks like sunburn, vomit, hypotension, inflamed mucus membranes

treatment –

A

Toxic shock syndrome

Cause – toxin release by staph A

s/s – fever, rash on trunk looks like sunburn, vomit, hypotension, inflamed mucus membranes

treatment – hospitalization, IVF to maintain BP, antibiotics

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19
Q

Cause –

s/s – thin, purulent discharge, dysuria, lower abd pain

treatment –

A

Chlamydial infection

Most common STD

increases risk for PID

Cause – chlamydia trachomatis

s/s – thin, purulent discharge, dysuria, lower abd pain

treatment – azithromycin

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20
Q

breast changes

hyperplasia or hypertrophy
areolae darken/lighten
veins more/less prominent
striae
secretes what?

A
  • Glandular hyperplasia AND hypertrophy
  • Areolae darken, superficial veins prominent
  • Striae – stretch marks
  • Colostrum secretion
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21
Q

twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di)

  • 2 separate eggs
  • Fertilized by 2 different sperm
  • 2 separate placentas, chorions, and amnions
A

Fraternal – di/di

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22
Q

cervix changes

mucous plug
goodells sign
chadwicks sign
hegards sign

A
  • Mucous plug – barrier in the cervix blocks bacteria from entering uterus and reaching fetus
  • Goodell’s sign – softening cervix
  • Chadwicks sign – blue cervix b/c of increased vascularity
  • Hegars sign – soft uterus
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23
Q

what type of sign of pregnancy?

Amenorrhea
- n/v
- excessive fatigue
- urinary frequency
- breast changes
- quickening

A

presumptive

Changes experienced and reported by the woman that suggest the possibility of pregnancy but can also be caused by conditions other than pregnancy
Subjective

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24
Q

Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles:

2 copies needed
25% chance

only one copy needed
50% chance

A

Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles:
* Dominant: In autosomal dominant inheritance, only one copy of the altered gene (dominant allele) is needed from a parent to cause the trait or condition to appear in the offspring. 50%
* Recessive: In autosomal recessive inheritance, two copies of the altered gene (recessive allele) are needed, one from each parent, for the trait or condition to manifest. A normal gene (dominant allele) will mask the effect of the recessive allele. 25%

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25
recessive
26
dominant vs recessive - affected individual has affected parent - affected individual have 50% chance of passing defect to their kids and 50% of not passing the defect to their kids - parent may have mild form of disease and child may have severe form - examples – Huntington’s disease, dwarfism, polydactyly
dominant
27
dominant vs recessive - affected individual has clinically normal parents, but both are carriers - when both parents are carriers - 25% chance of having the recessive disorder - 50% chance of being a healthy carrier - 25% chance of being healthy and not a carrier - Example – Cystic fibrosis - BOTH PARENT MUST BE CARRIERS – if one parent is carrier and other parent is not a carrier/doesn’t have CF = there is a 0% chance the child will have CF bc it needs the gene from both parents
recessive
28
- Face well developed - Eye lids close - Tooth buds - Genitals are well differentiated - Urine is produced - Spontaneous movement - fetal heart tones can be heard with doppler
week 12
29
- male have an extra X chromosome - 47 XXY (should be 46 XY but there is an extra X chromosome) - s/s - small testicles - decreased testosterone - less muscle mass - decreased body hair - enlarged breast tissue - little to no sperm
kleinfelter syndrome
30
dominant
31
hormones give female characteristics hormones stabilize uterus, lactation hormones relaxes and constricts smooth muscle hormone helps eggs to mature
Estrogens – female characteristics Progesterone – stabilize uterus, lactation Prostaglandins – relaxes and constricts smooth muscle FSH – hormone helps eggs to mature
32
Uterine size - Fundal height AKA McDonald’s method for EDB
- It measures the distance from the top of the mother's pubic symphysis (the bony junction in the front of the pelvis) to the top of her uterus. - The rule states that the fundal height should be roughly equal to the number of weeks pregnant, with a plus or minus 2 cm allowance for some variation. - Can only use this method 20 weeks or later - If there is more than a 2cm difference = investigate!
33
- full term starts at 37 weeks - skin smooth and polished - vernix in creases and folds only - head bigger than chest
week 38
34
recommended weight gain based on pre-pregnancy BMI - underweight pre preg = gain ? - normal weight pre preg = gain ? - overweight pre preg = gain ? - obese pre preg = gain ?
recommended weight gain based on pre-pregnancy BMI - underweight pre preg = gain 28-40 lbs - normal weight pre preg = gain 25-35 lbs - overweight pre preg = gain 15-25 lbs - obese pre preg = gain 11-20 lbs
35
gaining weight pattern - 1st trimester – gain ? - 2nd and 3rd trimester – gain ?
gaining weight pattern - 1st trimester – gain 1-5 lbs total - 2nd and 3rd trimester – gain about 1 lb per week
36
what is the normal variance for Uterine size - Fundal height AKA McDonald’s method for EBD what gestation age can you start using this method
+ or - 2 cm 20 weeks or later
37
STI Cause s/s – yellow/green discharge, inflammation, itching, dysuria treatment -
Trichomoniasis STI Cause – trichomoniasis vaginalis s/s – yellow/green discharge, inflammation, itching, dysuria treatment - flagyl/metronidazole
38
___________ ___________ ___________ infection Cause – (4) s/s – thick vaginal discharge, itching, rash treatment – (2)
Vaginal candidiasis Yeast infection Cause – antibiotics, oral contraceptives, immunosuppressants, DM s/s – thick vaginal discharge, itching, rash treatment – Diflucan/fluconazole or nystatin
39
Chronic infection from contact with open wound or acquired congenitally
Syphilis
40
anterior of uterus, muscular upper portion of the uterus posterior of uterus area around the cervix where semen can pool/collect
Fundus of the uterus – Cervix – posterior fornix –
41
musculoskeletal changes - pelvic joints loosen/tighten - change in center of gravity? - separation of rectus abdominus? - postural change – lordosis/kyphosis?
musculoskeletal - pelvic joints relax - change in center of gravity - separation of rectus abdominus - postural change – lordosis
42
- egg removed by laparoscopy and placed with sperm - fertilization occurs in fallopian tube - then egg travels naturally to uterus to implant
gamete intrafallopian transfer
43
1 – cold sore 2 – genital infection
Herpes genitalis HSV 1 – cold sore HSV 2 – genital infection
44
UTI lower vs upper Cause – E coli or staph s/s – low fever, hematuria, painful urination treatment – antibiotics
UTI Lower UTI = cystitis Cause – E coli or staph s/s – low fever, hematuria, painful urination treatment – antibiotics
45
Probable signs of pregnancy
Changes observed/perceived by an examiner that strongly suggest pregnancy but still may have other causes Objective - changes in pelvic organs (Goodell, Chadwick, hegar’s sign) - enlargement of abdomen - Braxton hicks contractions - Abdominal striae - Uterine souffle - A rushing or blowing sound of maternal blood flowing through uterine arteries; synchronous with the maternal pulse. - Changes in pigmentation of the skin - Positive pregnancy test - Palpation of fetal outline
46
Endometrial tissue outside of uterine cavity
Endometriosis
47
- donor or husbands sperm deposited at cervix or uterus manually - has to travel naturally through tubes
therapeutic insemination
48
UTI lower vs upper cause – infection s/s – high fever, chills, flank pain treatment – IVF, IV abx, pain meds
upper UTI = pyelonephritis cause – lower infection s/s – high fever, chills, flank pain treatment – IVF, IV abx, pain meds
49
- eggs retrieved and incubated with sperm and placed back into fallopian tubes once fertilization occurs
zygote intrafallopian transfer
50
twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di) - 1 egg - 1 sperm - Division within 3 days of fertilization - 1 shared placenta - 2 chorion and amnion
Identical – di/di
51
52
Primary infertility - secondary infertility -
Primary infertility - difficulty conceiving when there has never been a pregnancy, after 12 months of unprotected intercourse secondary infertility - difficulty conceiving after having successful pregnancy(s), after 6 months of unprotected intercourse
53
Conococcal opthalmia neonatorum
Eye infection in newborns Caused by bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae From untreated mother
54
Cause – s/s – single blister like vesicle in genital area, painful? treatment – *can’t deliver vaginally if _______
Herpes genitalis HSV 1 – cold sore HSV 2 – genital infection Cause – herpes simplex virus s/s – single blister like vesicle in genital area, painful? treatment – no cure, acyclovir to keep virus dormant *can’t deliver vaginally if mom has an active outbreak
55
- brain develops rapidly - nervous system regulates - eyelids open - testes descend - lungs can provide gas exchange
week 28
56
Cause – toxin release by staph A
Toxic shock syndrome
57
cause – s/s – bilateral sharp cramp, fever, chills, purulent vaginal drainage treatment –
pelvic inflammatory disease inflammatory disorder of upper female genitalia, can cause tubal damage and infertility cause – bacterial infection may be caused by many sex partners, IUD, untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia s/s – bilateral sharp cramp, fever, chills, purulent vaginal drainage treatment – antibiotics
58
- Viable birth – __ weeks or later - Preterm labor – less than __ - Labor at term/full term – __ weeks or later - Post-dates – __ weeks or greater - Due date – __ weeks - Post term labor – __ weeks or later
- Viable birth – 24 weeks or later - Preterm labor – less than 37 - Labor at term/full term – 37 weeks or later - Post-dates – 40 weeks or greater - Due date – 40 weeks - Post term labor – 42 weeks or later
59
respiratory changes O2 consumption i/d subcostal angle i/d AP diameter i/d breathing changes from __ to __ nasal stuffiness i/d epistaxis i/d
- Oxygen consumption increase - Subcostal angle and AP diameter increase - Breathing changes from abdominal to thoracic - Nasal stuffiness and epistaxis
60
cardiac changes blood volume i/d type of anemia? systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance i/d cardiac output i/d hypercoagulable? what type of BP issue?
- Blood volume increase 40-50% - Physiologic anemia - Decrease in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance - Increase in cardiac output - Somewhat hypercoagulable state – good for clotting blood lost in birth, bad for embolism - Supine hypotensive syndrome – compression of the aorta and vena cava when pregnant lady lies on her back. Place a pillow or towel on one side to relive that pressure.
61
Thickening of normal breast tissue
Fibrocystic breast changes Thickening of normal breast tissue
62
s/s – pelvic pain cause treatment –
Endometriosis Endometrial tissue outside of uterine cavity Cause – unknown s/s – pelvic pain treatment – surgical removal of endometrial tissue, NSAIDS, oral contraceptives
63
twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di) - 1 egg - 1 sperm - Division within 5 days of fertilization - 1 shared placenta and chorion - 2 amnions - Concern –
Identical – mono/di one baby can take more nutrients than the other
64
Cause – s/s – irregular/absent menses, elevated testosterone and androgen levels, obesity, insulin resistance, infertility, excess facial hair, oily skin treatment
Polycystic ovarian syndrome Enlarged ovaries, many small cysts along outer edge of ovaries Cause – unknown s/s – irregular/absent menses, elevated testosterone and androgen levels, obesity, insulin resistance, infertility, excess facial hair, oily skin oral contrceptives, Glucophage and spironolactone
65
inner skin folds protects the opening of the vagina and produce bactericidal
Labia minora –
66
endocrine changes - thyroid size i/d - concentration of parathyroid hormone i/d o prolactin = o oxytocin = o vasopressin o aldosterone =
endocrine - thyroid enlarges - concentration of parathyroid hormone increases o prolactin = lactation o oxytocin = lactation, uterine contractions o vasopressin = Maintains blood volume and amniotic fluid levels o aldosterone = Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance
67
STD increases risk for Cause – s/s – purulent, green/yellow discharge, dysuria, vulva swelling treatment – risks of untreated ______ -
Gonorrhea STD increases risk for pelvic inflammatory disease Cause – bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae s/s – purulent, green/yellow discharge, dysuria, vulva swelling treatment – Rocephin/ceftriaxone and azithromycin risks of untreated gonorrhea – preterm labor (any infection), eye infection in baby, pelvic inflammatory disease
68
sexually transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex, usual cause of cervical cancer
human papillomavirus AKA genital warts
69
Danger signs in pregnancy - fluid from vagina - how much? - Vaginal bleed? - Abdominal pain? - Fever? - vision changes? - vomit? - Edema? - Muscular irritability, convulsions, seizures? - Epigastric pain? - Oliguria? - Dysuria? - Absence of fetal movement?
Danger signs in pregnancy - Gush of fluid from vagina - Vaginal bleed - Abdominal pain - Fever - Dizzy, blurred vision, spots before eyes - Persistent vomit - Edema – general, unequal, in the morning - Muscular irritability, convulsions, seizures - Epigastric pain – liver, under right breast - Oliguria - Dysuria - Absence of fetal movement
70
what type of sign of pregnancy? Auscultation of fetal heartbeat - Fetal movement - Visualization of the fetus
positive Signs that are attributed only to the presence of the fetus, can only be caused by pregnancy
71
Couvade –
when partner feels similar symptoms as pregnant person (fatigue, difficulty sleeping, weight gain)
72
STD increases risk for pelvic inflammatory disease Cause – bacteria
Gonorrhea
73
- eyes complete - vernix covered - alveoli form - grasp and startle reflex present - finger/foot print present - viable
week 24
74
Estimating EDB/EDC/EDD what is it? how many weeks?
Estimated date of birth Estimated fate of confinement Estimated date of delivery 40 weeks
75
- egg collected from ovary, fertilized in lab, placed in uterus after embryo development starts - this would be a good option for someone with damaged fallopian tubes bc it is placed directly in uterus so it doesn’t have to naturally make its way through tubes
IVF
76
- brown fat - vernix forms – white stuff on baby’s skin - lanugo – fine hair on baby’s skin - nipples - nails - fetal movement felt by mother - fetal heart beat is heard by fetoscope
week 20
77
ways to improve fertility - T/F - no douching or artificial lubricants - retain and avoid leaking sperm for at least 60 mins after sex - sex every day during fertile period - decrease anxiety and stress - adequate nutrition
ways to improve fertility - no douching or artificial lubricants - retain and avoid leaking sperm for at least 20-30 mins after sex - sex every other day during fertile period - decrease anxiety and stress - adequate nutrition
78
what type of sign of pregnancy? - changes in pelvic organs (Goodell, Chadwick, hegar’s sign) - enlargement of abdomen - Braxton hicks contractions - Abdominal striae - Uterine souffle - A rushing or blowing sound of maternal blood flowing through uterine arteries; synchronous with the maternal pulse. - Changes in pigmentation of the skin - Positive pregnancy test - Palpation of fetal outline
probable Changes observed/perceived by an examiner that strongly suggest pregnancy but still may have other causes Objective
79
STI Cause – trichomoniasis vaginalis
Trichomoniasis
80
ovary changes egg production i/d secretes which hormone
- Stop producing ova/egg during pregnancy - Secretes progesterone until 7th week to maintain the endometrium - Ovaries stop being primary source of hormones, placenta takes over
81
GI changes gums hard/soft gums bleeding i/d saliva i/d constipation i/d heartburn i/d gallstones i/d hemorrhoids i/d n/v i/d
- n/v - gums soften and bleed easier - increase in saliva - constipation - heartburn – pyrosis - gallstones - hemorrhoids
82
Yeast infection
Vaginal candidiasis
83
Presumptive signs of pregnancy
Changes experienced and reported by the woman that suggest the possibility of pregnancy but can also be caused by conditions other than pregnancy Subjective - Amenorrhea – no period - n/v - excessive fatigue - urinary frequency - breast changes - quickening – mom’s perception of fetal movement
84
Major Prenatal screening tests - genetic screen down syndrome and edwards syndrome = high/low AFP spina bifida and anencephaly = high/low AFP
- Genetic screen o Spina bifida and Anencephaly = high AFP o DS and Edwards syndrome = low AFP
85
twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di) - 1 egg - 1 sperm - Division within 8-12 days after fertilization - 1 shared placenta, chorion, amnion - Concern –
Identical – mono/mono cord accidents getting wrapped up
86
Breast danger signs - Pain/tenderness that persists before/after menstruation ? - Lumps that are mobile/immobile? - Skin smooth/dimpling?
Breast danger signs - Pain/tenderness that persists after menstruation - Lumps that are fixed/immobile - Skin retraction/dimpling
87
- nulligravida - A woman who has ____ pregnancies. - primigravida - A woman who has ________ pregnancies - multigravida - A woman who has _________ pregnancies. 0, 1, 2+ - Primipara (para) - A woman who has ______ pregnancy with a fetus or fetuses who have reached at least ____ weeks of gestation.
- nulligravida A woman who has never been pregnant and is not currently pregnant. - primigravida - A woman who is pregnant for the first time. - Primipara (para) - A woman who has completed one pregnancy with a fetus or fetuses who have reached at least 20 weeks of gestation. - multigravida A woman who has had two or more pregnancies. | Primi: meaning "first" gravida refers to the number of times a woman ha
88
Cause – s/s – thin, watery, white/grey fluid with fishy smell diagnosis – treatment –
Bacterial vaginosis Decrease in normal vaginal flora (natural defense) Cause – overgrowth of bacteria, probable from sex or douching s/s – thin, watery, white/grey fluid with fishy smell diagnosis – 4.5 + pH treatment – flagyl/metronidazole, vaginal cream
89
where fertilization takes place? usual site for implantation of the fertilized egg?
Ampulla – Endometrium –
90
- Ova fertile ____hours after ovulation - Sperm live ____ hours, probably only fertile for 24 hours - fertilization Happens in _____ - # ____ sperm enters ovum = fertilization - Chromosomes pair up = diploid zygote - ____ = female - ____ = male - Egg has ____ chromosomes - Sperm has ___ chromosomes - Total ___ chromosomes
- Ova fertile 12-24 hours after ovulation - Sperm live 48-72 hours, probably only fertile for 24 hours - Happens in ampulla - Only one sperm enters ovum = fertilization - Chromosomes pair up = diploid zygote - XX = female - XY = male - Egg has 23 chromosomes - Sperm has 23 chromosomes - Total 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
91
- trisomy 21 - extra chromosome 21
down syndrome
92
- Dilation – opening of the ___ - Effacement – thinning of ___ - Station – where the ___ is located in relationship to ___ give measurement of each
- Dilation – opening of the cervix 0-10 cm/closed – complete - Effacement – thinning of cervix 0-100% - Station – where the fetal head is located in relationship to ischial spines -5 to +5
93
Ovarian cycle 1. _________ phase – day 1 – 14 2. __________phase – day 15 – 28
follicular - egg is getting ready luteal - egg is fertilized/not fertilized
94
Quickening - fetal movement perception - Starts at __ weeks Auscultating Ultrasonic Doppler device – starts at __ weeks Fetoscope – starts at __ weeks which is most accurate?
Quickening - fetal movement perception - Starts at 16-20 weeks Auscultating Ultrasonic Doppler device – starts at 12 weeks Fetoscope – starts at 20 weeks ultrasound
95
narrowest part of the bony pelvis, plays a role in fetal station
Ischial spines –
96
GU changes urination frequence i/d why? kidneys dilate/constrict uterus dilate/constrict GFR i/d renal plasma flow i/d residual volume i/d urine stasis i/d why is urine stasis a concern?
- pressure on bladder = frequency - dilatation of kidneys and ureters - increased GFR and renal plasma flow - increased residual volume and urine stasis = increased risk for bladder/kidney infection = increased risk for preterm labor
97
vagina changes mucosa thickens/thins secretions i/d connective tissue tightens/loosens
- Mucosa thickens - Increase in secretions - Loosening of connective tissue
98
Menstrual cycle 1. 2. 3. 4. what days are ovulation
1. menstrual - period bleeding 2. proliferative - preparing for egg, - increased estrogen = endometrial cells enlarge - cervical mucus more elastic, thin and clear which is better for sperm 3. secretory - Egg is traveling - Progesterone = swelling of epithelium - Vascularity of uterus increases in preparation for implantation 4. ischemic - If there is no implantation = estrogen and progesterone levels decrease - Corpus luteum degenerates - Menstrual phase begins and bleeding occurs ovulation days 13-15 between proliferative and secretory
99
cause – s/s – genital warts treatment –
human papillomavirus sexually transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex, usual cause of cervical cancer cause – human papillomavirus s/s – genital warts treatment – no cure, cryotherapy, shave excision, acid removal
100
- female is missing an x chromosome - 45 X (should be 46 XX but missing X chromosome) - s/s - short - wide neck - failure of ovaries to develop - heart problems - abnormal trunk - infertility
turners syndrome
101
protect and control temp of sperm sperm production sperm reservoir secrete alkaline fluid to help keep sperm alive testes, epididymis, seminal vessel/prostate gland, scrotum
Scrotum – protect and control temp of sperm Testes – sperm production Epididymis – sperm reservoir Seminal vessels and prostate glands – secrete alkaline fluid to help keep sperm alive
102
s/s – cyclic pain, swelling in breast before menses cause treatment -
Fibrocystic breast changes Thickening of normal breast tissue Cause – imbalance of estrogen/progesterone s/s – cyclic pain, swelling in breast before menses treatment – limit caffeine and sodium, use oral contraceptives *remember mobile masses are ok, immobile masses are red flag
103
GTPAL
GTPAL Gravida - # of pregnancies, including current pregnancy Term - # of deliveries 37 weeks or later Preterm - # of deliveries 20 – 36 weeks Abortion - # of pregnancies ending in spontaneous/therapeutic abortions, including still births, miscarriages Living - # of currently living kids
104
- Cephalic or vertex – - Breech – - Transverse –
- Cephalic or vertex – head first - Breech – feet or butt first - Transverse – side lying
105
sheath, overall uterine stability suspends uterus “springs of a trampoline” at the bottom, holds everything up | round, cardinal, broad
Broad ligament –sheath, overall uterine stability Round ligament –suspends uterus “springs of a trampoline” Cardinal ligament –at the bottom, holds everything up
106
inflammatory disorder of upper female genitalia, can cause tubal damage and infertility
pelvic inflammatory disease
107
Naegele’s rule for EDB
Naegele’s rule 1st day of last menstrual period Subtract 3 months Add 7 days
108
fibromuscular area of the vulva between anus and vagina that stretches for delivery
perineal body
109
- Rupture of membranes ROM – C O A T
- Rupture of membranes ROM – breaking of the amniotic sac that contains amniotic fluid - C.O.A.T o Color – clear o Odor – none, minimal o Amount o Time – the longer the time it has been broken to more bacteria that can get through to baby