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week 1 content Flashcards

1
Q

phenotype =

karyotype =

  • female karyotype _ _ _ _
  • male karyotype _ _ _ _
  • male with down syndrome karyotype
A

karyotype – pictorial view of chromosomes; tells number,
structure and sex

  • female karyotype – 46XX
  • male karyotype – 46XY
  • normal karyotype has 23 pairs of autosomes
  • male with down syndrome

karyotype – 47 XY +21 (the +21 tells where the extra chromosome is)
phenotype – observable expressions of trait

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2
Q

autosomal dominant disorder -
what would each of these autosomes mean for this disorder
BB
Bb
bb

A

Has to have at least 1 big B for this disorder to happen

BB - disorder would happen
Bb - disorder would happen
bb - disorder would not happen

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3
Q

autosomal recessive disorder -
what would each of these autosomes mean for this disorder
BB
Bb
bb

A

Has to have bb for this disorder to happen

BB - disorder would not happen
Bb - would be an asymptomatic carrier
bb - disorder would happen

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4
Q

Umbilical cord
- Connects __ and __
- #__ arteries – carry ____
- # __ vein – carry ______
- Surrounded by _____
- sensory or motor innervation ?
- Twisted/spiral shape due ____

A

Umbilical cord
- Connects placenta and fetus
- 2 arteries – carry deoxygenated blood and waste from baby to placenta
- 1 vein – oxygenated blood from placenta to baby
- Surrounded by whartons jelly – connective tissue
- No sensory or motor innervation – no pain
- Twisted/spiral shape due to fetal movement

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5
Q

Decrease in normal vaginal flora (natural defense), bacteria overgrowth

A

Bacterial vaginosis

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6
Q
  • Heart beat begins
  • Arm and leg buds
  • Vertebrae
  • Lung buds
  • Eyes and ears begin forming
A

week 4

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7
Q
  • Trachea
  • Nares
  • Liver produces blood cells
  • Heart begins circulation of blood
  • Digits develop
  • Tail recedes
A

week 6

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8
Q

skin changes

hyper/hypo pigmentation
striae?
chloasma - what and where?
vascular spider nevi?
hair growth i/d
sweat and sebaceous glands i/d
linea nigra - what and where?

A
  • hyperpigmentation
  • striae – stretch marks
  • facial chloasma – hormonal changes cause darker skin on face, avoid sun
  • vascular spider nevi – vascular lesions
  • decreased hair growth
  • hyperactive sweat and sebaceous glands
  • linea nigra - It appears as a dark, vertical line running down the center of your belly, usually from your belly button (umbilicus) to your pubic area, hormonal and normal, resolves itself after pregnancy
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9
Q

positive signs of pregnancy

A

Signs that are attributed only to the presence of the fetus, can only be caused by pregnancy
- Auscultation of fetal heartbeat
- Fetal movement
- Visualization of the fetus

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10
Q

detected in pregnancy test

A

hCG –

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11
Q

Enlarged ovaries, many small cysts along outer edge of ovaries

A

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

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12
Q

uterus changes

uterus size i/d____
fibrous tissue i/d____
blood flow i/d___
what type of contractions?
which way does uterus tilt when pregnant?

A
  • Hypertrophy
  • Fibrous tissue increase
  • Blood flow increase
  • Braxton hicks contractions - also labor contractions, are a normal part of pregnancy that most women experience in the second or third trimester. They are the uterus’ way of preparing for childbirth by tightening and releasing the muscles.
  • Not pregnant = posterior tilt
  • Pregnant = anterior tilt
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13
Q

eye, cognitive, and metabolic changes

  • intraocular pressure i/d
  • cornea thickens/thins
  • attention, concentration and memory i/d
  • water, fat, and protein storage i/d
  • fats absorbed i/d
A

eye, cognitive, and metabolic
- decreased intraocular pressure
- cornea thickens
- decreased attention, concentration and memory
- extra water, fat, and protein are stored
- fats and more completely absorbed

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14
Q
  • increase in subq fat
  • lanugo disappears
A

week 36

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15
Q

Cause –

s/s – chancre, wart like lesion on vulva, fever, weight loss, malaise, painless

treatment –

A

Syphilis

Chronic infection from contact with open wound or acquired congenitally

Cause – spirochete treponema pallidum

s/s – chancre, wart like lesion on vulva, fever, weight loss, malaise, painless

treatment – penicillin

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Most common STD

A

Chlamydial infection

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18
Q

Cause –

s/s – fever, rash on trunk looks like sunburn, vomit, hypotension, inflamed mucus membranes

treatment –

A

Toxic shock syndrome

Cause – toxin release by staph A

s/s – fever, rash on trunk looks like sunburn, vomit, hypotension, inflamed mucus membranes

treatment – hospitalization, IVF to maintain BP, antibiotics

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19
Q

Cause –

s/s – thin, purulent discharge, dysuria, lower abd pain

treatment –

A

Chlamydial infection

Most common STD

increases risk for PID

Cause – chlamydia trachomatis

s/s – thin, purulent discharge, dysuria, lower abd pain

treatment – azithromycin

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20
Q

breast changes

hyperplasia or hypertrophy
areolae darken/lighten
veins more/less prominent
striae
secretes what?

A
  • Glandular hyperplasia AND hypertrophy
  • Areolae darken, superficial veins prominent
  • Striae – stretch marks
  • Colostrum secretion
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21
Q

twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di)

  • 2 separate eggs
  • Fertilized by 2 different sperm
  • 2 separate placentas, chorions, and amnions
A

Fraternal – di/di

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22
Q

cervix changes

mucous plug
goodells sign
chadwicks sign
hegards sign

A
  • Mucous plug – barrier in the cervix blocks bacteria from entering uterus and reaching fetus
  • Goodell’s sign – softening cervix
  • Chadwicks sign – blue cervix b/c of increased vascularity
  • Hegars sign – soft uterus
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23
Q

what type of sign of pregnancy?

Amenorrhea
- n/v
- excessive fatigue
- urinary frequency
- breast changes
- quickening

A

presumptive

Changes experienced and reported by the woman that suggest the possibility of pregnancy but can also be caused by conditions other than pregnancy
Subjective

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24
Q

Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles:

2 copies needed
25% chance

only one copy needed
50% chance

A

Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles:
* Dominant: In autosomal dominant inheritance, only one copy of the altered gene (dominant allele) is needed from a parent to cause the trait or condition to appear in the offspring. 50%
* Recessive: In autosomal recessive inheritance, two copies of the altered gene (recessive allele) are needed, one from each parent, for the trait or condition to manifest. A normal gene (dominant allele) will mask the effect of the recessive allele. 25%

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25
Q
A

recessive

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26
Q

dominant vs recessive

  • affected individual has affected parent
  • affected individual have 50% chance of passing defect to their kids and 50% of not passing the defect to their kids
  • parent may have mild form of disease and child may have severe form
  • examples – Huntington’s disease, dwarfism, polydactyly
A

dominant

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27
Q

dominant vs recessive

  • affected individual has clinically normal parents, but both are carriers
  • when both parents are carriers
  • 25% chance of having the recessive disorder
  • 50% chance of being a healthy carrier
  • 25% chance of being healthy and not a carrier
  • Example – Cystic fibrosis
  • BOTH PARENT MUST BE CARRIERS – if one parent is carrier and other parent is not a carrier/doesn’t have CF = there is a 0% chance the child will have CF bc it needs the gene from both parents
A

recessive

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28
Q
  • Face well developed
  • Eye lids close
  • Tooth buds
  • Genitals are well differentiated
  • Urine is produced
  • Spontaneous movement
  • fetal heart tones can be heard with doppler
A

week 12

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29
Q
  • male have an extra X chromosome
  • 47 XXY (should be 46 XY but there is an extra X chromosome)
  • s/s
  • small testicles
  • decreased testosterone
  • less muscle mass
  • decreased body hair
  • enlarged breast tissue
  • little to no sperm
A

kleinfelter syndrome

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30
Q
A

dominant

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31
Q

hormones give female characteristics

hormones stabilize uterus, lactation

hormones relaxes and constricts smooth muscle

hormone helps eggs to mature

A

Estrogens – female characteristics
Progesterone – stabilize uterus, lactation
Prostaglandins – relaxes and constricts smooth muscle
FSH – hormone helps eggs to mature

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32
Q

Uterine size - Fundal height AKA McDonald’s method
for EDB

A
  • It measures the distance from the top of the mother’s pubic symphysis (the bony junction in the front of the pelvis) to the top of her uterus.
  • The rule states that the fundal height should be roughly equal to the number of weeks pregnant, with a plus or minus 2 cm allowance for some variation.
  • Can only use this method 20 weeks or later
  • If there is more than a 2cm difference = investigate!
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33
Q
  • full term starts at 37 weeks
  • skin smooth and polished
  • vernix in creases and folds only
  • head bigger than chest
A

week 38

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34
Q

recommended weight gain
based on pre-pregnancy BMI
- underweight pre preg = gain ?
- normal weight pre preg = gain ?
- overweight pre preg = gain ?
- obese pre preg = gain ?

A

recommended weight gain
based on pre-pregnancy BMI
- underweight pre preg = gain 28-40 lbs
- normal weight pre preg = gain 25-35 lbs
- overweight pre preg = gain 15-25 lbs
- obese pre preg = gain 11-20 lbs

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35
Q

gaining weight pattern
- 1st trimester – gain ?
- 2nd and 3rd trimester – gain ?

A

gaining weight pattern
- 1st trimester – gain 1-5 lbs total
- 2nd and 3rd trimester – gain about 1 lb per week

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36
Q

what is the normal variance for Uterine size - Fundal height AKA McDonald’s method for EBD

what gestation age can you start using this method

A

+ or - 2 cm

20 weeks or later

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37
Q

STI

Cause

s/s – yellow/green discharge, inflammation, itching, dysuria

treatment -

A

Trichomoniasis

STI

Cause – trichomoniasis vaginalis

s/s – yellow/green discharge, inflammation, itching, dysuria

treatment - flagyl/metronidazole

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38
Q

___________ ___________
___________ infection

Cause – (4)

s/s – thick vaginal discharge, itching, rash

treatment – (2)

A

Vaginal candidiasis

Yeast infection

Cause – antibiotics, oral contraceptives, immunosuppressants, DM

s/s – thick vaginal discharge, itching, rash

treatment – Diflucan/fluconazole or nystatin

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39
Q

Chronic infection from contact with open wound or acquired congenitally

A

Syphilis

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40
Q

anterior of uterus, muscular upper portion of the uterus

posterior of uterus

area around the cervix where semen can pool/collect

A

Fundus of the uterus –

Cervix –

posterior fornix –

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41
Q

musculoskeletal changes
- pelvic joints loosen/tighten
- change in center of gravity?
- separation of rectus abdominus?
- postural change – lordosis/kyphosis?

A

musculoskeletal
- pelvic joints relax
- change in center of gravity
- separation of rectus abdominus
- postural change – lordosis

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42
Q
  • egg removed by laparoscopy and placed with sperm
  • fertilization occurs in fallopian tube
  • then egg travels naturally to uterus to implant
A

gamete intrafallopian transfer

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43
Q

1 – cold sore
2 – genital infection

A

Herpes genitalis
HSV 1 – cold sore
HSV 2 – genital infection

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44
Q

UTI lower vs upper

Cause – E coli or staph
s/s – low fever, hematuria, painful urination
treatment – antibiotics

A

UTI
Lower UTI = cystitis
Cause – E coli or staph
s/s – low fever, hematuria, painful urination
treatment – antibiotics

45
Q

Probable signs of pregnancy

A

Changes observed/perceived by an examiner that strongly suggest pregnancy but still may have other causes
Objective
- changes in pelvic organs (Goodell, Chadwick, hegar’s sign)
- enlargement of abdomen
- Braxton hicks contractions
- Abdominal striae
- Uterine souffle - A rushing or blowing sound of maternal blood flowing through uterine arteries; synchronous with the maternal pulse.
- Changes in pigmentation of the skin
- Positive pregnancy test
- Palpation of fetal outline

46
Q

Endometrial tissue outside of uterine cavity

A

Endometriosis

47
Q
  • donor or husbands sperm deposited at cervix or uterus manually
  • has to travel naturally through tubes
A

therapeutic insemination

48
Q

UTI lower vs upper

cause – infection
s/s – high fever, chills, flank pain
treatment – IVF, IV abx, pain meds

A

upper UTI = pyelonephritis
cause – lower infection
s/s – high fever, chills, flank pain
treatment – IVF, IV abx, pain meds

49
Q
  • eggs retrieved and incubated with sperm and placed back into fallopian tubes once fertilization occurs
A

zygote intrafallopian transfer

50
Q

twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di)

  • 1 egg
  • 1 sperm
  • Division within 3 days of fertilization
  • 1 shared placenta
  • 2 chorion and amnion
A

Identical – di/di

51
Q
A
52
Q

Primary infertility -
secondary infertility -

A

Primary infertility - difficulty conceiving when there has never been a pregnancy, after 12 months of unprotected intercourse

secondary infertility - difficulty conceiving after having successful pregnancy(s), after 6 months of unprotected intercourse

53
Q

Conococcal opthalmia neonatorum

A

Eye infection in newborns
Caused by bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae
From untreated mother

54
Q

Cause –

s/s – single blister like vesicle in genital area, painful?

treatment –

*can’t deliver vaginally if _______

A

Herpes genitalis
HSV 1 – cold sore
HSV 2 – genital infection

Cause – herpes simplex virus

s/s – single blister like vesicle in genital area, painful?

treatment – no cure, acyclovir to keep virus dormant

*can’t deliver vaginally if mom has an active outbreak

55
Q
  • brain develops rapidly
  • nervous system regulates
  • eyelids open
  • testes descend
  • lungs can provide gas exchange
A

week 28

56
Q

Cause – toxin release by staph A

A

Toxic shock syndrome

57
Q

cause –

s/s – bilateral sharp cramp, fever, chills, purulent vaginal drainage

treatment –

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

inflammatory disorder of upper female genitalia, can cause tubal damage and infertility

cause – bacterial infection may be caused by many sex partners, IUD, untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia

s/s – bilateral sharp cramp, fever, chills, purulent vaginal drainage

treatment – antibiotics

58
Q
  • Viable birth – __ weeks or later
  • Preterm labor – less than __
  • Labor at term/full term – __ weeks or later
  • Post-dates – __ weeks or greater
  • Due date – __ weeks
  • Post term labor – __ weeks or later
A
  • Viable birth – 24 weeks or later
  • Preterm labor – less than 37
  • Labor at term/full term – 37 weeks or later
  • Post-dates – 40 weeks or greater
  • Due date – 40 weeks
  • Post term labor – 42 weeks or later
59
Q

respiratory changes

O2 consumption i/d
subcostal angle i/d
AP diameter i/d
breathing changes from __ to __
nasal stuffiness i/d
epistaxis i/d

A
  • Oxygen consumption increase
  • Subcostal angle and AP diameter increase
  • Breathing changes from abdominal to thoracic
  • Nasal stuffiness and epistaxis
60
Q

cardiac changes

blood volume i/d
type of anemia?
systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance i/d
cardiac output i/d
hypercoagulable?
what type of BP issue?

A
  • Blood volume increase 40-50%
  • Physiologic anemia
  • Decrease in systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance
  • Increase in cardiac output
  • Somewhat hypercoagulable state – good for clotting blood lost in birth, bad for embolism
  • Supine hypotensive syndrome – compression of the aorta and vena cava when pregnant lady lies on her back. Place a pillow or towel on one side to relive that pressure.
61
Q

Thickening of normal breast tissue

A

Fibrocystic breast changes
Thickening of normal breast tissue

62
Q

s/s – pelvic pain

cause

treatment –

A

Endometriosis

Endometrial tissue outside of uterine cavity

Cause – unknown

s/s – pelvic pain

treatment – surgical removal of endometrial tissue, NSAIDS, oral contraceptives

63
Q

twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di)

  • 1 egg
  • 1 sperm
  • Division within 5 days of fertilization
  • 1 shared placenta and chorion
  • 2 amnions
  • Concern –
A

Identical – mono/di

one baby can take more nutrients than the other

64
Q

Cause –

s/s – irregular/absent menses, elevated testosterone and androgen levels, obesity, insulin resistance, infertility, excess facial hair, oily skin

treatment

A

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Enlarged ovaries, many small cysts along outer edge of ovaries

Cause – unknown

s/s – irregular/absent menses, elevated testosterone and androgen levels, obesity, insulin resistance, infertility, excess facial hair, oily skin

oral contrceptives, Glucophage and spironolactone

65
Q

inner skin folds protects the opening of the vagina and produce bactericidal

A

Labia minora –

66
Q

endocrine changes

  • thyroid size i/d
  • concentration of parathyroid hormone i/d
    o prolactin =
    o oxytocin =
    o vasopressin
    o aldosterone =
A

endocrine
- thyroid enlarges
- concentration of parathyroid hormone increases
o prolactin = lactation
o oxytocin = lactation, uterine contractions
o vasopressin = Maintains blood volume and amniotic fluid levels
o aldosterone = Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance

67
Q

STD increases risk for

Cause –

s/s – purulent, green/yellow discharge, dysuria, vulva swelling

treatment –

risks of untreated ______ -

A

Gonorrhea

STD increases risk for pelvic inflammatory disease

Cause – bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae

s/s – purulent, green/yellow discharge, dysuria, vulva swelling

treatment – Rocephin/ceftriaxone and azithromycin

risks of untreated gonorrhea – preterm labor (any infection), eye infection in baby, pelvic inflammatory disease

68
Q

sexually transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex, usual cause of cervical cancer

A

human papillomavirus AKA genital warts

69
Q

Danger signs in pregnancy
- fluid from vagina - how much?
- Vaginal bleed?
- Abdominal pain?
- Fever?
- vision changes?
- vomit?
- Edema?
- Muscular irritability, convulsions, seizures?
- Epigastric pain?
- Oliguria?
- Dysuria?
- Absence of fetal movement?

A

Danger signs in pregnancy
- Gush of fluid from vagina
- Vaginal bleed
- Abdominal pain
- Fever
- Dizzy, blurred vision, spots before eyes
- Persistent vomit
- Edema – general, unequal, in the morning
- Muscular irritability, convulsions, seizures
- Epigastric pain – liver, under right breast
- Oliguria
- Dysuria
- Absence of fetal movement

70
Q

what type of sign of pregnancy?

Auscultation of fetal heartbeat
- Fetal movement
- Visualization of the fetus

A

positive

Signs that are attributed only to the presence of the fetus, can only be caused by pregnancy

71
Q

Couvade –

A

when partner feels similar symptoms as pregnant person (fatigue, difficulty sleeping, weight gain)

72
Q

STD increases risk for pelvic inflammatory disease

Cause – bacteria

A

Gonorrhea

73
Q
  • eyes complete
  • vernix covered
  • alveoli form
  • grasp and startle reflex present
  • finger/foot print present
  • viable
A

week 24

74
Q

Estimating EDB/EDC/EDD

what is it?
how many weeks?

A

Estimated date of birth
Estimated fate of confinement
Estimated date of delivery
40 weeks

75
Q
  • egg collected from ovary, fertilized in lab, placed in uterus after embryo development starts
  • this would be a good option for someone with damaged fallopian tubes bc it is placed directly in uterus so it doesn’t have to naturally make its way through tubes
A

IVF

76
Q
  • brown fat
  • vernix forms – white stuff on baby’s skin
  • lanugo – fine hair on baby’s skin
  • nipples
  • nails
  • fetal movement felt by mother
  • fetal heart beat is heard by fetoscope
A

week 20

77
Q

ways to improve fertility - T/F

  • no douching or artificial lubricants
  • retain and avoid leaking sperm for at least 60 mins after sex
  • sex every day during fertile period
  • decrease anxiety and stress
  • adequate nutrition
A

ways to improve fertility

  • no douching or artificial lubricants
  • retain and avoid leaking sperm for at least 20-30 mins after sex
  • sex every other day during fertile period
  • decrease anxiety and stress
  • adequate nutrition
78
Q

what type of sign of pregnancy?

  • changes in pelvic organs (Goodell, Chadwick, hegar’s sign)
  • enlargement of abdomen
  • Braxton hicks contractions
  • Abdominal striae
  • Uterine souffle - A rushing or blowing sound of maternal blood flowing through uterine arteries; synchronous with the maternal pulse.
  • Changes in pigmentation of the skin
  • Positive pregnancy test
  • Palpation of fetal outline
A

probable

Changes observed/perceived by an examiner that strongly suggest pregnancy but still may have other causes
Objective

79
Q

STI

Cause – trichomoniasis vaginalis

A

Trichomoniasis

80
Q

ovary changes

egg production i/d
secretes which hormone

A
  • Stop producing ova/egg during pregnancy
  • Secretes progesterone until 7th week to maintain the endometrium
  • Ovaries stop being primary source of hormones, placenta takes over
81
Q

GI changes

gums hard/soft
gums bleeding i/d
saliva i/d
constipation i/d
heartburn i/d
gallstones i/d
hemorrhoids i/d
n/v i/d

A
  • n/v
  • gums soften and bleed easier
  • increase in saliva
  • constipation
  • heartburn – pyrosis
  • gallstones
  • hemorrhoids
82
Q

Yeast infection

A

Vaginal candidiasis

83
Q

Presumptive signs of pregnancy

A

Changes experienced and reported by the woman that suggest the possibility of pregnancy but can also be caused by conditions other than pregnancy
Subjective
- Amenorrhea – no period
- n/v
- excessive fatigue
- urinary frequency
- breast changes
- quickening – mom’s perception of fetal movement

84
Q

Major Prenatal screening tests -
genetic screen

down syndrome and edwards syndrome = high/low AFP

spina bifida and anencephaly = high/low AFP

A
  • Genetic screen
    o Spina bifida and Anencephaly = high AFP
    o DS and Edwards syndrome = low AFP
85
Q

twins - identical (di/di, mono/di, mono/mono) vs fraternal (di/di)

  • 1 egg
  • 1 sperm
  • Division within 8-12 days after fertilization
  • 1 shared placenta, chorion, amnion
  • Concern –
A

Identical – mono/mono

cord accidents getting wrapped up

86
Q

Breast danger signs
- Pain/tenderness that persists before/after menstruation ?
- Lumps that are mobile/immobile?
- Skin smooth/dimpling?

A

Breast danger signs
- Pain/tenderness that persists after menstruation
- Lumps that are fixed/immobile
- Skin retraction/dimpling

87
Q
  • nulligravida - A woman who has ____ pregnancies.
  • primigravida - A woman who has ________ pregnancies
  • multigravida - A woman who has _________ pregnancies.

0, 1, 2+

  • Primipara (para) - A woman who has ______ pregnancy with a fetus or fetuses who have reached at least ____ weeks of gestation.
A
  • nulligravida A woman who has never been pregnant and is not currently pregnant.
  • primigravida - A woman who is pregnant for the first time.
  • Primipara (para) - A woman who has completed one pregnancy with a fetus or fetuses who have reached at least 20 weeks of gestation.
  • multigravida A woman who has had two or more pregnancies.

gravida refers to the number of times a woman ha

Primi: meaning “first”

88
Q

Cause –

s/s – thin, watery, white/grey fluid with fishy smell

diagnosis –

treatment –

A

Bacterial vaginosis

Decrease in normal vaginal flora (natural defense)

Cause – overgrowth of bacteria, probable from sex or douching

s/s – thin, watery, white/grey fluid with fishy smell

diagnosis – 4.5 + pH

treatment – flagyl/metronidazole, vaginal cream

89
Q

where fertilization takes place?

usual site for implantation of the fertilized egg?

A

Ampulla –

Endometrium –

90
Q
  • Ova fertile ____hours after ovulation
  • Sperm live ____ hours, probably only fertile for 24 hours
  • fertilization Happens in _____
  • # ____ sperm enters ovum = fertilization
  • Chromosomes pair up = diploid zygote
  • ____ = female
  • ____ = male
  • Egg has ____ chromosomes
  • Sperm has ___ chromosomes
  • Total ___ chromosomes
A
  • Ova fertile 12-24 hours after ovulation
  • Sperm live 48-72 hours, probably only fertile for 24 hours
  • Happens in ampulla
  • Only one sperm enters ovum = fertilization
  • Chromosomes pair up = diploid zygote
  • XX = female
  • XY = male
  • Egg has 23 chromosomes
  • Sperm has 23 chromosomes
  • Total 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
91
Q
  • trisomy 21
  • extra chromosome 21
A

down syndrome

92
Q
  • Dilation – opening of the ___
  • Effacement – thinning of ___
  • Station – where the ___ is located in relationship to ___

give measurement of each

A
  • Dilation – opening of the cervix 0-10 cm/closed – complete
  • Effacement – thinning of cervix 0-100%
  • Station – where the fetal head is located in relationship to ischial spines -5 to +5
93
Q

Ovarian cycle

  1. _________ phase – day 1 – 14
  2. __________phase – day 15 – 28
A

follicular - egg is getting ready

luteal - egg is fertilized/not fertilized

94
Q

Quickening - fetal movement perception - Starts at __ weeks

Auscultating
Ultrasonic Doppler device – starts at __ weeks
Fetoscope – starts at __ weeks

which is most accurate?

A

Quickening - fetal movement perception - Starts at 16-20 weeks

Auscultating
Ultrasonic Doppler device – starts at 12 weeks
Fetoscope – starts at 20 weeks

ultrasound

95
Q

narrowest part of the bony pelvis, plays a role in fetal station

A

Ischial spines –

96
Q

GU changes

urination frequence i/d
why?
kidneys dilate/constrict
uterus dilate/constrict
GFR i/d
renal plasma flow i/d
residual volume i/d
urine stasis i/d
why is urine stasis a concern?

A
  • pressure on bladder = frequency
  • dilatation of kidneys and ureters
  • increased GFR and renal plasma flow
  • increased residual volume and urine stasis = increased risk for bladder/kidney infection = increased risk for preterm labor
97
Q

vagina changes

mucosa thickens/thins
secretions i/d
connective tissue tightens/loosens

A
  • Mucosa thickens
  • Increase in secretions
  • Loosening of connective tissue
98
Q

Menstrual cycle
1.
2.
3.
4.

what days are ovulation

A
  1. menstrual - period bleeding
  2. proliferative - preparing for egg,
    - increased estrogen = endometrial cells enlarge
    - cervical mucus more elastic, thin and clear which is better for sperm
  3. secretory
    - Egg is traveling
    - Progesterone = swelling of epithelium
    - Vascularity of uterus increases in preparation for implantation
  4. ischemic
    - If there is no implantation = estrogen and progesterone levels decrease
    - Corpus luteum degenerates
    - Menstrual phase begins and bleeding occurs

ovulation days 13-15
between proliferative and secretory

99
Q

cause –

s/s – genital warts

treatment –

A

human papillomavirus

sexually transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex, usual cause of cervical cancer

cause – human papillomavirus

s/s – genital warts

treatment – no cure, cryotherapy, shave excision, acid removal

100
Q
  • female is missing an x chromosome
  • 45 X (should be 46 XX but missing X chromosome)
  • s/s
  • short
  • wide neck
  • failure of ovaries to develop
  • heart problems
  • abnormal trunk
  • infertility
A

turners syndrome

101
Q

protect and control temp of sperm

sperm production

sperm reservoir

secrete alkaline fluid to help keep sperm alive

testes, epididymis, seminal vessel/prostate gland, scrotum

A

Scrotum – protect and control temp of sperm
Testes – sperm production
Epididymis – sperm reservoir
Seminal vessels and prostate glands – secrete alkaline fluid to help keep sperm alive

102
Q

s/s – cyclic pain, swelling in breast before menses

cause

treatment -

A

Fibrocystic breast changes

Thickening of normal breast tissue

Cause – imbalance of estrogen/progesterone

s/s – cyclic pain, swelling in breast before menses

treatment – limit caffeine and sodium, use oral contraceptives

*remember mobile masses are ok, immobile masses are red flag

103
Q

GTPAL

A

GTPAL
Gravida - # of pregnancies, including current pregnancy
Term - # of deliveries 37 weeks or later
Preterm - # of deliveries 20 – 36 weeks
Abortion - # of pregnancies ending in spontaneous/therapeutic abortions, including still births, miscarriages
Living - # of currently living kids

104
Q
  • Cephalic or vertex –
  • Breech –
  • Transverse –
A
  • Cephalic or vertex – head first
  • Breech – feet or butt first
  • Transverse – side lying
105
Q

sheath, overall uterine stability

suspends uterus “springs of a trampoline”

at the bottom, holds everything up

round, cardinal, broad

A

Broad ligament –sheath, overall uterine stability

Round ligament –suspends uterus “springs of a trampoline”

Cardinal ligament –at the bottom, holds everything up

106
Q

inflammatory disorder of upper female genitalia, can cause tubal damage and infertility

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

107
Q

Naegele’s rule
for EDB

A

Naegele’s rule
1st day of last menstrual period
Subtract 3 months
Add 7 days

108
Q

fibromuscular area of the vulva between anus and vagina that stretches for delivery

A

perineal body

109
Q
  • Rupture of membranes ROM –

C
O
A
T

A
  • Rupture of membranes ROM – breaking of the amniotic sac that contains amniotic fluid
  • C.O.A.T
    o Color – clear
    o Odor – none, minimal
    o Amount
    o Time – the longer the time it has been broken to more bacteria that can get through to baby

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