Week 1 Classification System Flashcards
Symptom
A Manifestation of pathological condition. In some uses of the term it is limited to subjective complains - also includes objective signs or pathological conditions
Syndrome
A group of symptoms that occur together that constitute a recognisable condition.
Classification System
A list of conditions with a description of the symptoms charecterisitcs & guidlines for assigning individuals to categories.
Purposes of classification
Enables clinicians to diagnose a person’s problem as a disorder
Information retrieval
Facilitates research
Facilitates communication
Facilitates treatment selection (sometimes)
Problems with classification?
Categorical vs. dimensional approach
Development of Diagnostic Nomenclature
18th & 19th century - Pinel’s classification system
20th century - Kraepelin
Mid-1930s psychiatric classification system developed by hospital superintendents
1941 classification system developed for soldiers from war
1949 Mental disorders in 6th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-6) WHO (now ICD-11)
1952 Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, APA
1968 DSM-II
1980 DSM-III
1987 DSM- III-R
1994 DSM-IV
2013 DSM-5
2022 DSM-5-TR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR)
lists > 200 mental disorders
For each disorder:
Criteria for diagnosis
Essential clinical features
Associated features
Prevalence
Development and course
Risk and prognostic factors
Culture & gender-related diagnostic issues
Suicide risk
Functional consequences
Differential diagnosis
Comorbidity
Criticism of Classification
Classification per se is irrelevant to the field of abnormal behaviour
Loss of information
Ignores differences
Labelling controversy:
Labels shape perceptions
Labels cause prejudicial treatment
Labels foster self-fulfilling prophecy
DSM-5-TR forces clinicians to make distinctions that have major treatment implications, including drug prescriptions and the availability of health insurance coverage
Clinical Assessment
The process of gathering information important to diagnose, plan treatment & predict the future course of a disorder
Essential component: clinical interview
Augmented with various other assessments to test hypotheses
From there, the clinician forms:
A diagnostic formulation
A judgement about why the disorder is present
A judgement about treatment
What types of Clinical tests to use?
Clinical intake interview
Clinical Tests:
Standardisation
Reliability
Test-retest, alternate-form, internal and inter-rater
Validity
Face, predictive, convergent, divergent, content and construct
Projective Tests
Rorschach Test
Thematic Apperception Tests
Personality Inventories
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Hypochondriasis; Depression; Hysteria; Psychopathic deviance; Paranoia; Psychasthenia (fears/compulsions); Schizophrenia; Hypomania (overactivity/inability to concentrate)
California Psychological Inventory
Eysenck Personality Inventory
Other self report inventories
Affective inventories
Social skill inventories
Cognitive inventories
Black/white thinking
Exaggerate negatives
Intelligence Tests
Assist in diagnostic accuracy & identification of change from baseline
Shortcomings include:
Factors unrelated to intelligence can influence performance
Cultural bias
Tests measure only what psychologists consider to be intelligence
Types of Clinical Assessments
Neuropsychological tests
Neurological Tests
Computerised Axial Tomogram (CAT Scan)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Behavioural Assessment
Direct Observation of Behaviour
Self-Monitoring
Behavioural Checklists
Physiological Assessment
Bodily changes that accompany psychological events
Skin conductance
Heart rate
Muscle activity (electromyography)
