Week 1 - Ch 1,2 Flashcards
Any non food chemical substance that affects the mind or body
Drug
The study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms
Pharmacology
Chemical substances that do not have a preventative, diagnostic, or therapeutic use.
Drug
Drug deliberately administer for its medicinal value as a preventative, diagnostic, or therapeutic agent.
Medicine
Three general areas of medical use for drugs
Prevent disease, diagnose disease, treat symptoms/conditions/diseases
Preparation of drugs in the 1800’s
Chemists developed techniques to extract and isolate pure substances from crude drug preparations
Preparation of drugs in the 1900’s
The extractions and preparation of drugs was a time consuming process that utilized test tubes, filters, and Bunsen burners. Pharmacists at that time actually prepares the drugs the dispensed.
The Food and Drugs Act of 1906
The first federal drug law
1912 Amendment to The Food and Drugs Act
Required the accurate labeling of drugs to prevent substitution or mislabeling of ingredients
The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
FDA can remove a product without fraud for the best interest of the people
Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951)
Defined prescription drugs as those drugs that could only be given to patients under the care of a physician.
Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962)
Required drugs to be shown to be both safe and effective before being marketed. It also required manufacturers to report adverse effects from new drugs.
1988
The FDA was moved under the federal Dept of Health and Human Services.
Dietary Supplements and Health Education Act (1994)
Allowed the FDA to set up guidelines for the manufacturers of herbal products and dietary supplements
FDA Modernization Act (1997)
Gave the FDA the authority to accelerate the approval process for certain types of drugs
Emergency Treatment Investigation New Drug (IND) Application
Allows physicians to prescribe some investigational drugs even before they are officially approved for marketing, these drugs are for life threatening diseases a for which no alternative therapy exists
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
All healthcare settings must provide patients with a statement that verifies that their health record, including all drug information, is kept secure and is only released to authorized inquiries from other healthcare providers, insurance companies, or healthcare monitoring organizations.
Patent medications and associated problems
First drugs marketed to consumers. Usually associated with outrageous claims and not baked by science.
Scheduled drugs
Potentially addictive drugs divided into 5 categories based on their potential for physical or psychological dependence
Schedule drugs were first regulated by this act
The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914
The Harrison Narcotics Act was replaced by this act in 1970
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
Title II, The Controlled Substance Act of 1973 created:
The DEA Drug Enforcement Administrationp
Drugs that are not safe to use except under professional medical supervision
Prescription Drugs
Drugs that can be purchased without a prescription and is generally considered safe for consumers to use if the label’s directions and warnings are followed carefully
OTC drugs
Every drug is assigned this by the IUPAC from the moment of discovery or design
Chemical name
IUPAC
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Drug is assigned this together with the drug company and USAN. A second name for the drug.
Generic name
USAN
United States Adopted Names Council
This is created by the drug company designed to be easy for physicians and patients to remember and if possible, suggest how the drug is used
Trade or brand name
12 things trade names of drugs might tell you about those drugs
- Drug category
- Disease, condition, or symptom being treated
- Which part of the body is being treated
- Simplification of generic name with phonetic sound
- Ingredients or source of the drug
- Therapeutic effect of the drug
- How often the drug is to be take
- Duration of the drug’s therapeutic effect
- Strength of drug
- Route of administration
- Amount of a particular active ingredient
- Manufacturer’s identity
4 reasons why a drug might be withdrawn from the markets or recalled
- The drug does not contain the correct amount of active ingredient
- The drug does not remain stable until its expiration date
- The drug is contaminated with particulate matter from the manufacturing process
- Concerns about adverse effects
Pharmaceutical drug milestones
Morphine, Aspirin, Insulin, Dilantin, Clotting factors isolated, Tagamet, Humulin, Penicillin
Schedule I drugs examples
Heroin, LSD
Schedule II drug examples
Morphine, Codeine
Schedule III drug examples
Codeine, Vicodin
Schedule IV drug examples
Valium
Schedule V drug examples
Cough syrup
Analgesic
A drug that selectively suppresses pain without producing sedation
Anesthetic
Make unconscious
Antibiotic
A drug used to treat infection by killing or inhibiting the growth of disease causing bacteria
Antiemetic
A drug that prevents and relieves nausea and vomiting
Antifungal
An anti-infective drug that can kill fungi and is used to treat fungal infections
Antihistamine
A drug used to decrease the symptoms of inflammation, redness,edema, and itching caused by the release of histamine during an allergic reaction
Anti hypertensive
A drug that lowers high blood pressure
Anti inflammatory
Drug used to decrease symptoms of inflammation by inhibiting the release of prostaglandins
Anti neoplastic
Drug that is selectively toxic to rapidly dividing cells, such as malignant cells, and is used to treat cancer
Anti pruritic
Stop itching
Antitussive
A drug that suppresses coughing
Antiviral
An anti-infective drug that can kill or inhibit the growth of viruses and is used to treat viral infections
Diuretic
Treat edema, increases urination
