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218: Patho Part II > Week 1: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Week 1: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the heart tissue?

A

Endocardium myocardium epicardium

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2
Q

inner lining

A

Endocardium

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3
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Myocardium

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4
Q

Fibrous outer layer

A

Epicardium

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5
Q

What is the heart surrounded by?

A

The heart is surrounded by a fourth layer known as the pericardial sac

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6
Q

This structure divides the heart into left and right sides

A

The septum divides the heart into left and right sides

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7
Q

Why are the walls of the ventricles much thicker than the atria?

A

The walls of the ventricles are much thicker than the atria because the ventricles need to create blood pressure

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8
Q

Chord tendineae

A

This structure found in the heart attaches both the tricuspid and bicuspid or mitral valve to the papillary muscles on the ventricular walls.

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9
Q

This heart structure prevents atrial valve eversion when the ventricles contracts and chamber pressure increases.

A

Chordae tendineae

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10
Q

What two valves found in the heart prevent blood from flowing back into the heart?

A

The pulmonary and the aortic valve prevents blood from flowing back into the heart.

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11
Q

In order to function, the heart requires a flow of blood separate from the blood that flows through the heart chambers. What is this circuit called?

A

This circuit is known as the coronary circulation and is composed of coronary arteries and veins

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12
Q

The vessels of the right coronary circulation system supply nutrients to this center of the heart.

A

The right coronary circulation system supplies nutrients to major nerve impulse conduction centers found in the heart

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13
Q

Explain how electrical current travels through the heart to produce the contractility of the organ.

A

FIND ANSWER HERE

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14
Q

Electrocardiogram: the P wave

A

P wave: SA node fires. Atria depolarize

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15
Q

Electrocardiogram: QRS

A

QRS: AV nodes fire. Ventricles depolarize

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16
Q

Electrocardiogram: T

A

T: ventricles repolarize

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17
Q

Electrocardiogram: U

A

U: indicates a problem with ventricular repolarization likely due to electrolyte (potassium, magnesium, calcium)

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18
Q

What is it called when the heart contracts?

A

Systole: “systemic-pressure making”

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19
Q

What is it called when the heart relaxes?

A

Diastole: “dilation”

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20
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

cardiac output is a measure of volume of blood that flows through the heart in one minute

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21
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output: stroke volume X heart rate

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22
Q

What is the normal range of cardiac index (amount of blood per minute)?

A

2.8-4.2 liters/minute

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23
Q

What is the preload?

A

Preload is the volume of blood that is in the ventricle before the heart contracts at the beginning of systole.

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24
Q

What is contractility?

A

Contractility is the degree of contraction is required to empty the ventricle

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25
Q

What is the after load?

A

The afterload is the ventricular pressure at the end of systole

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26
Q

What are the four structures make up the composition of vessel walls?

A

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules and veins

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27
Q

Arteries

A

Arteries are muscular walls that expand and recoil to propels oxygenated blood forward, mainly from the heart.

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28
Q

arterioles

A

Arterioles are a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries. They dictate how blood flow volume variances among venules and veins.

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29
Q

Out of the four structures that make up the composition of vessel walls which one is known as the major control mechanisms?

A

Arterioles

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30
Q

What are capillaries ?

A

A thin layer of endothelial cells found between an artery and a vein that exchange cellular nutrients and metabolic end products, such as carbon dioxide

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31
Q

What are venules and veins?

A

Venules and veins prevent back flow. Venules correspond with arterioles to ensure the proper blood amount and exchange is occurring. Venules branch into veins.

Arterioles feed into the arteries.

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32
Q

What structure/s of the body is responsible for blood flow?

A

Bloodflow is largely based on surroundings skeletal muscle groups contractions and contractions of the thoracic cavity

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33
Q

What system excites the cardiovascular system. What neurotransmitters trigger this response ?

A

The cardiovascular system is excited by the sympathetic nervous system and is triggered by epinephrine no epinephrine, which is stimulated by the beta-adrenergic receptors

34
Q

The cardiovascular system is inhibited by what system?

A

The cardiovascular system is inhibited by the parasympathetic nervous system

35
Q

The control of the blood vessel diameter is mainly controlled by which system:

the sympathetic nervous system or the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

36
Q

What receptors are responsible for controlling the diameter of blood vessels?

A

Alphaadrenergic receptors in the vessel walls are responsible for controlling the dilation of blood vessels

37
Q

What receptors respond to blood pressure increases or decreases and how do they respond to the sympathetic or the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Baroreceptors respond to blood pressure increases or decreases by inhibiting or exiting the SNS or the PNS

38
Q

Excitatory receptors found in the aortic arch and carotid body.

A

Chemoreceptors

39
Q

What changes in the body occurr to stimulate the chemoreceptors to increase cardiac output?

A

Decreased oxygen or increased CO2 stimulate chemoreceptors to increase cardiac output

40
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure is the measure of the force of blood against the arterial walls

41
Q

What is the name of the sound we hear as we compress and auscultate the artery?

A

Korotkoff sounds

42
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

The mean arterial pressure is the average of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure with time taken into account

43
Q

What occurs to the amount of collagen in the heart as we age and what effect does this have on heart function?

A

The amount of collagen increases as we age which decreases the elastic content and reduces heart contractility resulting in decreased cardiac output

44
Q

As we age the number of B-adrenergic receptors decreasing, resulting in this.

A

a decreased response to sympathetic nervous system

45
Q

As we age, lipid deposit accumulate on cardiac valves. What effect does this have on the function of the heart?

A

As lipid deposits accumulate on the cardiac valves the valves become stiff and thicker, which decreases the diameter which increases the flow of resistance

46
Q

What causes an increase in the systolic blood pressure as we age?

A

Stiffer arteries and increased sensitivity to vasopressin causes vascular constriction which results in higher systolic blood pressure

47
Q

What key areas of subjective data must unders obtain in order to assess the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Health history
  • Medications that affect cardiovascular performance
  • past surgeries
48
Q

The systolic difference of greater than 15mmHG between supine and standing positions indicates a pathological condition known as this

A

Orthostatic hypotension

49
Q

What objective assessments would you perform as a nurse when doing a cardiovascular assessment on an individual?

A
  • examine skin for edema, capillary refill
  • palpation of radial and dorsals pedals pulses
  • auscultation of the arteries
50
Q

What are heaves and what medical condition do they indicate?

A

Heaves are abnormal sustained lifts of the chest wall in the pericardial area that can be seen or palpated. Heaves indicate ventricular enlargement

51
Q

What are electrocardiogram’s ECG’s?

A

Electrocardiograms are tests designed to test the electrical impulse conduction through a heart

52
Q

What values are expected for someone experiencing hypertension?

A

Systolic: >140mmHg
Diastolic: >90mmHg

53
Q

What values are expected for someone expiring prehypternsion?

A

Systolic: 135-139mmHg
Diastolic: 85-89mmHg

54
Q

Name four complications of high blood pressure.

A
  1. MI
  2. stroke
  3. renal failure
  4. atherosclerosis
55
Q

What is the main component of systemic vascular resistance?

A

The main component of systemic vascular resistance is the decreasing blood vessel diameter as blood advances through the CV system

56
Q

What’s center controls arterial diameters?

A

Vasomotor centres controll arterial diametes in response to baroreceptors

57
Q

What four systems of the body regulate blood pressure?

A
  1. nervous
  2. cardiovascular
  3. renal
  4. endocrine
58
Q

What changes occur in the sympathetic nervous system in response to low blood pressure?

A

The SNS accelerates the heart rate and stimulates the release of rennin in the kidneys

59
Q

Chronotopic drugs influence

A

heart rate

cHRonotropic

60
Q

inotropic drugs influence

A

inotropic drugs influence the hearts contractility

61
Q

dromotropic drugs influence

A

dromotropic drugs influence the conduction of electrical impulses or nerve conductivity

62
Q

What organ responds when the blood pressure is low and what does it do?

A

The kidneys respond when the blood pressure is low secreting renin, an enzyme that increases blood pressure

63
Q

This type of medication inhibits the secretion of renin which lowers the blood pressure

A

ACE-inhibitors

64
Q

What is the primary and secondary affect of ADH?

A

primary is to reduce serum-osmolality and secondary is to raise blood pressure

65
Q

What are some symptoms of hypertension?

A
  • fatigue
  • activity intolerance
  • palpitations
  • angina
  • dyspnea
  • dizziness
66
Q

Name a few diseases that are caused by chronic hypertension specific to certain organs.

A 
hypertensive heart disease
cerebrovascular disease
peripheral vascular
nephroscelrosis 
retinal damage
67
Q

What are the three hypertensive heart diseases?

A

coronary artery disease
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Heart failure

68
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque mainly in the bifurcation of the carotid artery.

69
Q

What is and Transient ischemic attack

A

a transient ischemic attack is when the blockage of plaque is temporary in the arteries

70
Q

What is a ischemic stroke?

A

an ischemic stroke is when the plaque remains in the arteries

71
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when the blockage causes a localized increase in blood pressure that breaks through the vessel walls

72
Q

What is the average amount of blood contracted through the body in one minute?

A

4.2-4.8L of blood minute

73
Q

What is a common side effect of antihypertensive medications?

A

Sexual dysfunction is a common side effect of antihypertensive medications

74
Q

Beta cells in the heart are_____ cells and alpha cells in the blood vessels are ______

In other words, what is there action on each structure?

A

excitatory

vasoconstrictors

75
Q

What is angiotensin 2?

A

Angiotensin 2 is a poten vasoconstrictor converted by ACE

76
Q

suffix lol

A

beta-blockers

77
Q

suffix ril

A

ACE inhibitors

78
Q

suffix sin

A

alpha-blockers

79
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

CO= SV x HR

80
Q

What is the main difference between an artery and a vein?

A

A vein has valves that help prevent the back flow of blood.

81
Q

An increase in aldosterone causes the following effects.

A
  • increased Na+ reabsorption
  • increase in h20 reabsorption
  • increase blood volume
  • increase cardiac output

218: Patho Part II (8 decks)

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