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Cardiovascular Medicine > Week 1: Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

Week 1: Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What arises from the brachiocephalic trunk?

A
  • right common carotid artery - right subclavian arter
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2
Q

What makes up the lateral borders of the middle mediastinum?

A

the parietal pleura

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3
Q

At what level are the superior and inferior borders of the heart?

A

sup: 2nd rib inf: 5th intercostal space

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4
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium from suerficial to deep?

A

Fibrous pericardium parietal (serous) pericardium visceral (serous) pericardium

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5
Q

Which layer does the epicardium refer to?

A

The visceral pericardium

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6
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The musclular middle layer of the heart wall

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7
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The epithelial inner lining of the heart, continuous with the endothelium

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8
Q

List the order of the cardiac circuit from the greatest vein to the greatest artery

A

Superior Vena Cava +Inferior Vena Cava -> Right atrium -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary arteries -> Capillary bed of lungs -> Pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> Left ventricle -> Aorta+branches

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9
Q

What is the role of the fossa ovalis?

A

This was previously the foramen ovalis - an embryonic shunt between the two atria to bypass pulmonary circuit

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10
Q

What separates the RA and the RV

A

the tricuspid valve

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11
Q

What makes up the tricuspid valve?

A
  • cusps: anterior, septal, posterior - cordae tendinae - papillary muscles - septomarginal trabecula
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12
Q

What is the function of the trabeculae carnae?

A

These are the muscles of the ventricular wall

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13
Q

What separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk?

A

Pulmonary valve: anterior+right+left semilunar cusps

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14
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there?

A

4

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15
Q

Name the cusps of the mitral valve

A

anterior cusp - posterior cusp

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16
Q

What separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

A

The aortic (semilunar) valve

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17
Q

What are the cusps of the aortic valve?

A

left seminlunar valve - right semilunar valve - posterior aortic valve

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18
Q

Which are the active and passive valves of the heart respectively?

A

active: atrioventricular valves passive: semilunar valves

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19
Q

Describe the major fibrous structures that allow the heart to function

A
  • a septum separates tthe right and left sides physically and electrically - 4 connective tissue rings support the valves
20
Q

In diastoli, describe the activity of the: 1. atria 2. ventricles 3. AV valves 4. semilunar valves

A
  1. atria contract 2. ventricles relax and fill 3. AV valves open with papillary muscles 4. semilunar valves are shut
21
Q

In systoli, describe the activity of the: 1. atria 2. ventricles 3. AV valves 4. semilunar valves

A
  1. atria are relaxed and fill 2. ventricles contract 3. AV valves are shut 4. Semilunar valves are forced open
22
Q

Describe the local nervous supply of the atria

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node - Base of SVC
23
Q

Describe the local nervous supply of the ventricles

A
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node - leads to AV bundle (aka bundle of His) and then branches
24
Q

Name the anterior and posterior border of the Plane of Louis

A

ant: sternal angle (aka manubrio-sternal joint) post: intervertebral disc between T4+T5

25
Q

Main contents of the superior mediastinum

A
  • Thymus - Brachiocephalic veins (r+l) - SVC - Arch of Aorta: Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid, left subclavian - Internal thoracic vessels - Phrenic + vagus N. - Cardiac plexus of nerves - Recurrent laryngeal nerves - Trachea - Oesophagus - Thoracic duct (lymph)
26
Q

What are the main contents of the middle mediastinum?

A
  • Phrenic nerves - pericardium - heart - cardiac plexus - ascending aorta - SVC - IVC - pulmonary trunk - pulmonary veins
27
Q

List the main features or occurrences of the plane of louis (PATELLA)

A

Passage of thoracic duct from right to left behind oesophagus

Angle of Louis

Tracheal bifurcation

End of azygous veins into SVC

Ligamentum arteriosum (allows for communication between the aorta and pulmonary trunk)

Loop of left recurrent laryngeal nerve around aortic arch

Aortic arch starts and ends

28
Q

where does the coronary sinus drain into_

A

Right atrium

29
Q

What supplies the parasympathetic input of the heart?

A
  • from vagus nerve
30
Q

What supplies the sympathetic input of the heart?

A
  • T1-T5 via sympathetic chain
31
Q

To which nodes does lymph of the heart drain?

A
  • brachiocephalic node - tracheobronchial node
32
Q

To which vein does the lymph of the heart drain?

A

left brachiocephalic vein

33
Q

comment on the thickness of atrial and ventricular muscle

A

The atria are thicker than the ventricles and the left ventricle is thicker than the right as it hast o pump blood to the rest of the body

34
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the blood vessels

A
  • tunica externa/adventitia: connective tissue + elastic fibres. Blends with tissue and stabilises - tunica media: smooth muscles + elastic fibres - tunica intima: connective tissue+ single cell layer endothelium (SSE tissue)
35
Q

How does the deoxygenated blood of the heart drain?

A

The coronary veins drain the heart. This drained, deoxygenated blood then flows into the coronary sinus which takes it into the right atrium

36
Q

What is the embryonic remanence of the atrium?

A

Auricle

37
Q

What is the function of the PULMONARY veins and how many are there?

A

bring oxygen rich blood back to the heart (left atrium), there are 4, 2 on each side.

38
Q

Fill the blanks

A
  1. Left common carotid A.
  2. SVC
  3. phrenic nerve
  4. pericardiophrenic vessels
  5. diaphragm
39
Q

Fill the blanks

A
  1. aortic arch
  2. SVC
  3. fossa ovalis
  4. IVC
  5. Valve of IVC
  6. Valve of corona sinus
  7. aperture of coronary sinus
  8. auricle
  9. limbus of fossa ovalis
  10. crista terminalis
  11. pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati)
40
Q

Fill the blanks

A
  1. anterior cusp
  2. septal cusp
  3. posterior cusp
  4. anterior semilunar cusp
  5. right semilunar cusp
  6. left semilunar cusp
  7. cordae tendinae
  8. anterior papillary muscle
  9. trabeculae carnae
  10. posterior papillary muscle
  11. septomarginal trabecula
  12. septal papillary muscle
41
Q

Fill the blanks

A
  1. pulmonary arteries
  2. pulmonary veins
  3. valve of foramen ovale
  4. bicuspid (aka mitral) valve
42
Q

Fill the blanks

A
  1. coronary sinus
  2. anterior cusp
    2b. posterior cusp
  3. cordae tendinae
  4. anterior papillary muscles
  5. posterior paipllay muscles
  6. trabeculae carna
43
Q

Fill the blanks

A
  1. Azygous vein
  2. Bronchus
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Oesophageal plexus
  5. SVC
  6. Right phrenic nerve
44
Q

fill the blanks

A
  1. Left coronary artery
  2. circumflex branch
  3. Left anterior descending (aka left anterior intraventricular) artery
45
Q

Fill the blanks

A
  1. right coronary artery
  2. posterior intraventricular artery
  3. right marginal artery
46
Q

Fill the blanks

A
  1. middle cardiac vein
  2. great cardiac vein
  3. small cardiac vein
47
Q
A

Cardiovascular Medicine (12 decks)

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