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Year 1 - Semester 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Vertical front to back

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2
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Vertically side to side

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3
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Also known as the horizontal plane, horizontal section of the body

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4
Q

Describe superior/rostal

A

Above something else. E.g. the head is superior to the thorax

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5
Q

Describe inferior/caudal

A

Below something else. E.g the thorax is inferior to the head

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6
Q

Describe anterior/ventral

A

Infront of something else. E.g the breast is anterior to the lung

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7
Q

Describe posterior/dorsal

A

Behind something else. E.g the lung is posterior to the breast

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8
Q

Describe medial

A

Closer to the midline

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9
Q

Describe lateral

A

Further from the midline

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10
Q

Describe the thumbs position in relation to the little finger

A

The thumb is lateral to the little finger. In the anatomical position, the hands face forward

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11
Q

Describe proximal

A

Closer to the attachment of limb or the midpoint of the trunk. E.g the elbow is proximal to the wrist (closer to the shoulder)

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12
Q

Describe distal

A

Further from the attachment of limb or the midpoint of the trunk. E.g the wrist is distal to the elbow (further from the shoulder)

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13
Q

Describe superficial

A

Closer to the surface of the body. E.g the ribs are superficial to the lungs

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14
Q

Describe deep

A

Further from the surface of the body. E.g the lungs are deep to the ribs

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15
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to bone

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16
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

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17
Q

Describe flexion

A

Bending the joint

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18
Q

Describe extension

A

Straightening the joint

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19
Q

Describe abduction

A

Moving away from the midline

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20
Q

Describe adduction

A

Moving towards the midline

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21
Q

Describe circumduction

A

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and addiction. E.g shoulder windmill

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22
Q

Describe rotation

A

Rotating the head etc

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23
Q

Describe pronation

A

Palm facing down (supination has palm up to hold soup)

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24
Q

Describe supination

A

Palm facing up (to hold soup)

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25
Describe inversion
Facing sole INwards towards median plane
26
Describe eversion
Facing sole outwards, away from the median plane
27
Describe squamous epithelium
- Single layer of flattened cells attached to a basement membrane - line the heart, blood and lymph vessels, alveoli and collecting ducts of nephron
28
Describe cuboidal epithelium
- Single layer of cube shaped cells attached to a basement membrane - forms kidney tubules and some glands - important role in secretion, absorption and/or excretion
29
Describe columnar epithelium
- Single layer of rectangular shaped cells attached to a basement membrane - found in stomach, small intestine, trachea, and fallopian tubes - can be ciliated
30
Describe stratified epithelium
- multiple cell layers - continuous cell division in basal layers - main role is protection from wear and tear
31
What are the types of stratified epithelium?
- keratinised squamous - dry surfaces such as hair, nails and the top layer of skin - have no nucleus and contain keratin - non-keratinised squamous - moist surfaces such as mouth, oesophagus and vagina - transitional - pear shaped and found in the urinary tract
32
Describe pseudostratified epithelium
- cells which give the impression of multiple layers but each is attached to the basement membrane - pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium found in the respiratory tract
33
Describe smooth muscle
non-striated Involuntary control Mononucleated Found in gut (peristalsis) and ureter
34
Describe cardiac muscle
Striated Involuntary Mononucleated Makes up walls of heart Intercalated discs between cells help propagate waves of contraction
35
Describe skeletal muscle
Striated Multinucleated Voluntary control Move bones
36
Describe neurones
Excitable cells Initiate, receive and transmit information
37
Describe glial cells
Non-excitable Support the neurones More numerous than neurones Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia
38
Describe connective tissue
Must abundant tissue in the body Consists of cells embedded in the extracellular matrix ECM contains fibres to provide a support structure for the cells
39
Describe loose (areolar) connective tissue
Most abundant Connects and supports other tissue Semi-solid matrix of collagen and elastin fibres containing fibroblasts adipocytes, mast cells and macrophages
40
Describe apipose tissue
Areolar tissue matrix containing adipocytes Adipocytes contain large fat globules White in humans Brown in newborns - highly vascularised
41
Describe reticular tissue
Found in lymph nodes and organs of the lymphatic system Matrix contains reticular fibres Cells present are reticular cells and white blood cells
42
Describe dense tissue
Low cell count but high fibre content FIBROUS - collagen fibres in closely packed bundles - fibroblast cells sit in between - tendons, ligaments ELASTIC - elastin fibres secreted by fibroblast cells - high degree of recoil - found in organs where change of shape is common such as blood vessels and lungs
43
Describe cartilage
Chondrocytes embedded in a collagen and proteoglycan matrix HYALINE - ends of long bones FIBROCARTILAGE - intervertebral discs ELASTIC FIBROCARTILAGE - outer ear
44
Describe bones
Osteocytes embedded in a mineralised collagen matrix
45
Osteoblasts
Lay down new bone matrix
46
Osteoclasts
Remove bone matrix
47
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells which reside in the matrix
48
Describe the uses of x-rays
Visualising bone fractures, bone disorders (osteoporosis) or hollow soft organs with contrast (barium meal)
49
Disadvantages of x-rays
Soft tissue can't be shown without contrast agent Resolution is not good 2D image Radiation Not good for joints due to angles
50
Pros of CT scan
Cheap (relatively) Fast Produce images of hard and soft tissue Can be used to produce 3D printed resource for planning complex surgery
51
Describe a CT scan
Patient lies on bed between an x-ray tube and a recorder These rotate around the patient and take multiple images Contrast agent often used Images viewed as if you are standing at the foot of the patients bed Useful to plan operations
52
Describe angiography
Contrast injected to show blood vessels Can show aneurysms or stenosis
53
Describe PET scans
Detects radioactive isotopes injected into the body Can be used to detect areas of high cellular activity Identifies most active cells/greatest blood supply e.g. tumor cells Radioactive material decays and gives off gamma rays which are detected
54
Describe MRI
Can produce high contrast images of soft tissues Does not use radiation Detects levels of hydrogen in the body Distinguishes tissue by water content Large magnet - on and protons align, off and and protons emit waves as they return to position Functional MRI - measures blood oxygen - reveals blood flow to a specific region
55
Pros and cons of MRI
Pros: No radiation High contrast Faster than PET Cons: High magnetic fields - implants Longer time to collect images than CT Sensitive to patient movement
56
Describe ultrasound
Body probed with high frequency sound waves that reflect off tissue Can detect outlines of organs Most common in visualising foetus but can be used for gallbladder, kidneys etc Musculoskeletal imaging (tendons)
57
Pros and cons of ultrasound
``` Pros: Safe Non-invasive Quick Inexpensive ``` Cons: Not good for air filled structures or surrounded by bone Low resolution No hard tissue penetration
58
What is the difference between plantar and dorsiflexion?
Plantarflexion is pointing toes or tiptoes Dorsiflexion is pointing toes towards shin
59
what is the role of rough ER?
produce proteins
60
role of smooth ER?
produce hormones and lipid
61
role of golgi?
processing lipid and proteins | packages products into vesicles for transport
62
role of lysosomes?
digestion and waste removal - pH 5

Year 1 - Semester 1 (9 decks)

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