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Year 1 - Semester 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Vertical front to back

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2
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Vertically side to side

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3
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

Also known as the horizontal plane, horizontal section of the body

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4
Q

Describe superior/rostal

A

Above something else. E.g. the head is superior to the thorax

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5
Q

Describe inferior/caudal

A

Below something else. E.g the thorax is inferior to the head

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6
Q

Describe anterior/ventral

A

Infront of something else. E.g the breast is anterior to the lung

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7
Q

Describe posterior/dorsal

A

Behind something else. E.g the lung is posterior to the breast

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8
Q

Describe medial

A

Closer to the midline

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9
Q

Describe lateral

A

Further from the midline

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10
Q

Describe the thumbs position in relation to the little finger

A

The thumb is lateral to the little finger. In the anatomical position, the hands face forward

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11
Q

Describe proximal

A

Closer to the attachment of limb or the midpoint of the trunk. E.g the elbow is proximal to the wrist (closer to the shoulder)

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12
Q

Describe distal

A

Further from the attachment of limb or the midpoint of the trunk. E.g the wrist is distal to the elbow (further from the shoulder)

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13
Q

Describe superficial

A

Closer to the surface of the body. E.g the ribs are superficial to the lungs

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14
Q

Describe deep

A

Further from the surface of the body. E.g the lungs are deep to the ribs

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15
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to bone

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16
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

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17
Q

Describe flexion

A

Bending the joint

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18
Q

Describe extension

A

Straightening the joint

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19
Q

Describe abduction

A

Moving away from the midline

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20
Q

Describe adduction

A

Moving towards the midline

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21
Q

Describe circumduction

A

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and addiction. E.g shoulder windmill

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22
Q

Describe rotation

A

Rotating the head etc

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23
Q

Describe pronation

A

Palm facing down (supination has palm up to hold soup)

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24
Q

Describe supination

A

Palm facing up (to hold soup)

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25
Q

Describe inversion

A

Facing sole INwards towards median plane

26
Q

Describe eversion

A

Facing sole outwards, away from the median plane

27
Q

Describe squamous epithelium

A
  • Single layer of flattened cells attached to a basement membrane
  • line the heart, blood and lymph vessels, alveoli and collecting ducts of nephron
28
Q

Describe cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cube shaped cells attached to a basement membrane
  • forms kidney tubules and some glands
  • important role in secretion, absorption and/or excretion
29
Q

Describe columnar epithelium

A
  • Single layer of rectangular shaped cells attached to a basement membrane
  • found in stomach, small intestine, trachea, and fallopian tubes
  • can be ciliated
30
Q

Describe stratified epithelium

A
  • multiple cell layers
  • continuous cell division in basal layers
  • main role is protection from wear and tear
31
Q

What are the types of stratified epithelium?

A
  • keratinised squamous - dry surfaces such as hair, nails and the top layer of skin - have no nucleus and contain keratin
  • non-keratinised squamous - moist surfaces such as mouth, oesophagus and vagina
  • transitional - pear shaped and found in the urinary tract
32
Q

Describe pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • cells which give the impression of multiple layers but each is attached to the basement membrane
  • pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium found in the respiratory tract
33
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

non-striated

Involuntary control

Mononucleated

Found in gut (peristalsis) and ureter

34
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Striated

Involuntary

Mononucleated

Makes up walls of heart

Intercalated discs between cells help propagate waves of contraction

35
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Striated

Multinucleated

Voluntary control

Move bones

36
Q

Describe neurones

A

Excitable cells

Initiate, receive and transmit information

37
Q

Describe glial cells

A

Non-excitable

Support the neurones

More numerous than neurones

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia

38
Q

Describe connective tissue

A

Must abundant tissue in the body

Consists of cells embedded in the extracellular matrix

ECM contains fibres to provide a support structure for the cells

39
Q

Describe loose (areolar) connective tissue

A

Most abundant

Connects and supports other tissue

Semi-solid matrix of collagen and elastin fibres containing fibroblasts adipocytes, mast cells and macrophages

40
Q

Describe apipose tissue

A

Areolar tissue matrix containing adipocytes

Adipocytes contain large fat globules

White in humans

Brown in newborns - highly vascularised

41
Q

Describe reticular tissue

A

Found in lymph nodes and organs of the lymphatic system

Matrix contains reticular fibres

Cells present are reticular cells and white blood cells

42
Q

Describe dense tissue

A

Low cell count but high fibre content

FIBROUS - collagen fibres in closely packed bundles

                   - fibroblast cells sit in between
                   - tendons, ligaments

ELASTIC - elastin fibres secreted by fibroblast cells

                 - high degree of recoil
                 - found in organs where change of shape is              common such as blood vessels and lungs
43
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Chondrocytes embedded in a collagen and proteoglycan matrix

HYALINE - ends of long bones

FIBROCARTILAGE - intervertebral discs

ELASTIC FIBROCARTILAGE - outer ear

44
Q

Describe bones

A

Osteocytes embedded in a mineralised collagen matrix

45
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Lay down new bone matrix

46
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Remove bone matrix

47
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells which reside in the matrix

48
Q

Describe the uses of x-rays

A

Visualising bone fractures, bone disorders (osteoporosis) or hollow soft organs with contrast (barium meal)

49
Q

Disadvantages of x-rays

A

Soft tissue can’t be shown without contrast agent

Resolution is not good

2D image

Radiation

Not good for joints due to angles

50
Q

Pros of CT scan

A

Cheap (relatively)

Fast

Produce images of hard and soft tissue

Can be used to produce 3D printed resource for planning complex surgery

51
Q

Describe a CT scan

A

Patient lies on bed between an x-ray tube and a recorder

These rotate around the patient and take multiple images

Contrast agent often used

Images viewed as if you are standing at the foot of the patients bed

Useful to plan operations

52
Q

Describe angiography

A

Contrast injected to show blood vessels

Can show aneurysms or stenosis

53
Q

Describe PET scans

A

Detects radioactive isotopes injected into the body

Can be used to detect areas of high cellular activity

Identifies most active cells/greatest blood supply e.g. tumor cells

Radioactive material decays and gives off gamma rays which are detected

54
Q

Describe MRI

A

Can produce high contrast images of soft tissues

Does not use radiation

Detects levels of hydrogen in the body

Distinguishes tissue by water content

Large magnet - on and protons align, off and and protons emit waves as they return to position

Functional MRI - measures blood oxygen - reveals blood flow to a specific region

55
Q

Pros and cons of MRI

A

Pros:
No radiation
High contrast
Faster than PET

Cons:
High magnetic fields - implants
Longer time to collect images than CT
Sensitive to patient movement

56
Q

Describe ultrasound

A

Body probed with high frequency sound waves that reflect off tissue

Can detect outlines of organs

Most common in visualising foetus but can be used for gallbladder, kidneys etc

Musculoskeletal imaging (tendons)

57
Q

Pros and cons of ultrasound

A 
Pros:
Safe
Non-invasive
Quick 
Inexpensive

Cons:
Not good for air filled structures or surrounded by bone
Low resolution
No hard tissue penetration

58
Q

What is the difference between plantar and dorsiflexion?

A

Plantarflexion is pointing toes or tiptoes

Dorsiflexion is pointing toes towards shin

59
Q

what is the role of rough ER?

A

produce proteins

60
Q

role of smooth ER?

A

produce hormones and lipid

61
Q

role of golgi?

A

processing lipid and proteins

packages products into vesicles for transport

62
Q

role of lysosomes?

A

digestion and waste removal - pH 5

Year 1 - Semester 1 (9 decks)

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