week 1 Flashcards
what is the functional unit of the liver
acinus
what sort of functions are carried out in one 1 of the acinus
oxidative
functions carried out in zone 3 of the acinus include
glycolysis, glutamine synthesis, xenobiotic metabolism
what can cause centrilobular necrosis
sepsis, shock induced ischaemia, congestive heart failure, drug or poison toxicity
what are the cells of the gastric glands?
mucous neck cell ,parietal cell - HCl and intrinsic factor, chief cell - pepsinogen, G cell - gastrin
type of cell lining the stomach
simple columnar epithelial, mucous producing
% of total gastric secretions produced during cephalic phase
35%
% of total gastric secretions produced during gastric phase
60%
% of total gastric secretions produced during intestinal phase
5%
function of secretin
released in response to acid.
Inhibits gastrin release and reduces affinity of parietal cells for gastrin
stimulates the production of bicarbonate from the ductal cells of the pancreas and bile production by the liver
Function of CCK and GIP
released in presence of lipids and carbs, and some amino acids . Inhibit the release of gastrin
inhibits gastric emptying and stimulate pancreatic release of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes
which cell produces histamine
ECL cell
what is a peptic ulcer
a break in the superficial epithelial cells penetrating down to the muscularis mucosa of either the stomach or the duodenum. Has a fibrous base and there is an increase in inflammatory cells
what cell produces somatostatin in the gut
D cell
amount of saliva produced per day
about half a litre
contents of a gastric gland
chief cells, parietal cells and G cells
Basal electrical rhythm
spontaneous activity of pacemaker cells in the longitudinal smooth muscle near the greater curvature of the stomach. Show a general rate of spontaneous depolarisation and repolarisation every 20 seconds.
Peristalsis
series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food to different areas of the Gi tract. It is caused by smooth muscle contracting in sequence. This begins at the body of the stomach and intensifies as it reaches the pylorus. It occurs at a rate of 3-4 per minute.
Distension of the stomach, detected by stretch receptors increases the force of these contractions and smooth muscle tone
liver cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease in which cels (normal liver)are damaged and then replaced by scar tissue due to repeated damage. It is a diffuse process with fibrosis and nodular formation
causes of pre-hepatic jaundice
haemolytic anaemia, resorption of a haematoma
causes of hepatic anaemia
viral e.g hepatitis or EBV, alochol, auto-immune e.g. primary biliary cholangitis, drugs e.g. the contraceptive pill
causes of post-hepatic anaemia
obstruction. Most common causes are gallstones or tumour of the head of the pancreas
ulcerative colitis
idiopathic, long-term inflammatory condition affecting the rectum and colon. It is relapsing in nature and during flares results in pain and bloody diarrhoea. Associated with environmental flares and an altered microbiome. It is higher in caucasians, smoking is protective and patients are at risk of dysplasia as a result.
Chron’s disease
inflammatory condition that can affect anywhere from the mouth to the anus. It is idiopathic and chronic. Inflammation is transmural. The typical lesions are skip lesions which area wounds or inflammation that are clearly patchy.
Leads to abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss and obstructive symptoms
the transpyloric plane is defined as where
half way between the upper part of the sternum and upper part of the pubic bone. usually cuts through the kidneys and the pylorus
epithelium in the oesophagus
stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinised
portal vein supplies what % of blood to the liver
60-70%
hepatic artery supplies what % of blood to the liver
30-40%
porta hepatis
point of entry for the hepatic arteries and portal vein, and the exit point for the hepatic ducts
reason why PPIs stay in the parietal cell
when they diffuse into the highly acidic copartment of the microvesicles within the parietal cell where acid is produced they are pronated and this prevents them from leaving these microvesicles. Pronations also causes the to become highly reactive and it is this reactive species which destroys the structure and function of the H/K ATPase pump
volume of gastric juice secreted per day
3L
supracolic organs
stomach, spleen, liver
supracolic compartment lies above the transverse mesocolon
infracolic compartment
lies below the transverse mesocolon and contains the small intestine as well as the ascending and descending colon
paracolic gutters
located on left and right. Connect the infracolic and supracolic compartments
subphrenic spaces
potential spaces between the diaphragm and the liver. Air can accumulate and press on the diaphragm.
Abscess may also develop - accumulation of pus from appendicitis or a ruptured duodenal ulcer. Cause irritation to diaphragm and referred pain
epiploic foramen
opening in the omental bursa connecting the greater and lesser sacs. Lies between the IVC and portal vein
