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GGGGGGII > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the functional unit of the liver

A

acinus

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2
Q

what sort of functions are carried out in one 1 of the acinus

A

oxidative

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3
Q

functions carried out in zone 3 of the acinus include

A

glycolysis, glutamine synthesis, xenobiotic metabolism

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4
Q

what can cause centrilobular necrosis

A

sepsis, shock induced ischaemia, congestive heart failure, drug or poison toxicity

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5
Q

what are the cells of the gastric glands?

A

mucous neck cell ,parietal cell - HCl and intrinsic factor, chief cell - pepsinogen, G cell - gastrin

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6
Q

type of cell lining the stomach

A

simple columnar epithelial, mucous producing

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7
Q

% of total gastric secretions produced during cephalic phase

A

35%

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8
Q

% of total gastric secretions produced during gastric phase

A

60%

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9
Q

% of total gastric secretions produced during intestinal phase

A

5%

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10
Q

function of secretin

A

released in response to acid.
Inhibits gastrin release and reduces affinity of parietal cells for gastrin
stimulates the production of bicarbonate from the ductal cells of the pancreas and bile production by the liver

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11
Q

Function of CCK and GIP

A

released in presence of lipids and carbs, and some amino acids . Inhibit the release of gastrin
inhibits gastric emptying and stimulate pancreatic release of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes

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12
Q

which cell produces histamine

A

ECL cell

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13
Q

what is a peptic ulcer

A

a break in the superficial epithelial cells penetrating down to the muscularis mucosa of either the stomach or the duodenum. Has a fibrous base and there is an increase in inflammatory cells

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14
Q

what cell produces somatostatin in the gut

A

D cell

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15
Q

amount of saliva produced per day

A

about half a litre

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16
Q

contents of a gastric gland

A

chief cells, parietal cells and G cells

17
Q

Basal electrical rhythm

A

spontaneous activity of pacemaker cells in the longitudinal smooth muscle near the greater curvature of the stomach. Show a general rate of spontaneous depolarisation and repolarisation every 20 seconds.

18
Q

Peristalsis

A

series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food to different areas of the Gi tract. It is caused by smooth muscle contracting in sequence. This begins at the body of the stomach and intensifies as it reaches the pylorus. It occurs at a rate of 3-4 per minute.
Distension of the stomach, detected by stretch receptors increases the force of these contractions and smooth muscle tone

19
Q

liver cirrhosis

A

chronic degenerative disease in which cels (normal liver)are damaged and then replaced by scar tissue due to repeated damage. It is a diffuse process with fibrosis and nodular formation

20
Q

causes of pre-hepatic jaundice

A

haemolytic anaemia, resorption of a haematoma

21
Q

causes of hepatic anaemia

A

viral e.g hepatitis or EBV, alochol, auto-immune e.g. primary biliary cholangitis, drugs e.g. the contraceptive pill

22
Q

causes of post-hepatic anaemia

A

obstruction. Most common causes are gallstones or tumour of the head of the pancreas

23
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

idiopathic, long-term inflammatory condition affecting the rectum and colon. It is relapsing in nature and during flares results in pain and bloody diarrhoea. Associated with environmental flares and an altered microbiome. It is higher in caucasians, smoking is protective and patients are at risk of dysplasia as a result.

24
Q

Chron’s disease

A

inflammatory condition that can affect anywhere from the mouth to the anus. It is idiopathic and chronic. Inflammation is transmural. The typical lesions are skip lesions which area wounds or inflammation that are clearly patchy.
Leads to abdominal pain, diarrhoea, weight loss and obstructive symptoms

25
Q

the transpyloric plane is defined as where

A

half way between the upper part of the sternum and upper part of the pubic bone. usually cuts through the kidneys and the pylorus

26
Q

epithelium in the oesophagus

A

stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinised

27
Q

portal vein supplies what % of blood to the liver

A

60-70%

28
Q

hepatic artery supplies what % of blood to the liver

A

30-40%

29
Q

porta hepatis

A

point of entry for the hepatic arteries and portal vein, and the exit point for the hepatic ducts

30
Q

reason why PPIs stay in the parietal cell

A

when they diffuse into the highly acidic copartment of the microvesicles within the parietal cell where acid is produced they are pronated and this prevents them from leaving these microvesicles. Pronations also causes the to become highly reactive and it is this reactive species which destroys the structure and function of the H/K ATPase pump

31
Q

volume of gastric juice secreted per day

A

3L

32
Q

supracolic organs

A

stomach, spleen, liver

supracolic compartment lies above the transverse mesocolon

33
Q

infracolic compartment

A

lies below the transverse mesocolon and contains the small intestine as well as the ascending and descending colon

34
Q

paracolic gutters

A

located on left and right. Connect the infracolic and supracolic compartments

35
Q

subphrenic spaces

A

potential spaces between the diaphragm and the liver. Air can accumulate and press on the diaphragm.
Abscess may also develop - accumulation of pus from appendicitis or a ruptured duodenal ulcer. Cause irritation to diaphragm and referred pain

36
Q

epiploic foramen

A

opening in the omental bursa connecting the greater and lesser sacs. Lies between the IVC and portal vein

GGGGGGII (9 decks)

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