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Neuro > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the most rostral portions of developing neural tube are the sensory nuclei located relative to the motor nuclei?

A

less dorsally and more laterally

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2
Q

Name the four structures divided by the internal capsule.

A
  • caudate nucleus anteriorly
  • putamen laterally
  • globus pallidus laterally
  • thalamus most medially
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3
Q

The inferior colliculus is specialized for what special sense?

A

auditory

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4
Q

What is neuromelanin? Where is it classically found? In whom is it typically lacking?

A
  • a product of catecholamine metabolism
  • found in the substantia nigra
  • diminished levels in those with Parkingon’s
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5
Q

What are the two types of astrocytes? Where is each most concentrated?

A
  • fibrous (white mater)

- protoplasmic (grey mater)

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6
Q

Schwann cells are derived from what embryonic tissue?

A

neural crest cells

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7
Q

Microglia are derived from what embryonic tissue?

A

mesoderm

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8
Q

Which carrier proteins are used for anterograde and retrograde transport within neurons?

A
  • anterograde: kinesin

- retrograde: dynein

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9
Q

GFAP can be used to stain what cell type?

A

astrocytes

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10
Q

Astrocytes are derived from what embryonic tissue?

A

radial glial cells

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11
Q

List the functions of astrocytes.

A
  • contribute to BBB
  • insulation of synapses
  • sequestration of NTs
  • pH balance
  • electrolyte balance
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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes can myelinate how many cells?

A

more than one

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13
Q

The blood brain barrier is a combination of what two things?

A
  • astrocytic foot processes

- extremely tight junctions between endothelial cells

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14
Q

Blood vessels run in which layer of the meninges?

A

arachnoid

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15
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A
  • cushion the brain
  • remove waste products
  • carry hormones and other signaling molecules
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16
Q

What cell population secretes CSF?

A

choroid plexus cells

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17
Q

Choroid plexus cells are a specialized form of what other cell population?

A

ependymal cells

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18
Q

Describe the path of CSF fluid.

A
  • lateral ventricle
  • third ventricle
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • fourth ventricle
  • subarachnoid space
  • arachnoid granulations
  • venous drainage
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19
Q

Describe the architecture of the spinocerebellar pathway from the arm.

A
  • primary neuron located in the DRG
  • secondary neuron located in accessory cuneate nucleus of medulla
  • projects to the ipsilateral cerebellum
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20
Q

Describe the architecture of the spinocerebellar pathway from the leg.

A
  • primary neuron located in the DRG
  • secondary neuron located in Clarke’s column
  • projects to the ipsilateral cerebellum
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21
Q

What is the physiologic importance of Clarke’s column?

A

it is the location of secondary neurons in the spinocerebellar pathway from the leg for unconscious proprioception

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22
Q

What is the physiologic importance of the accessory cuneate nucleus in the medulla?

A

it is the location of secondary neurons in the spinocerebellar pathway from the arm for unconscious proprioception

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23
Q

The ALS and DC/ML system project to what area in the thalamus?

A

the ventral posterior lateral nucleus

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24
Q

Which somatosensory pathway decussates at the vertebral level into which it projects?

A

the ALS

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25
Q

What information is carried by the spinocerebellar pathway? The DC/ML? The ALS?

A
  • spinocerebellar: unconscious proprioception
  • DC/ML: discriminative touch, vibration, conscious proprioception
  • ALS: pain, temperature
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26
Q

The corticospinal tract is organized with which fibers more laterally?

A

those from more distal locations (leg)

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27
Q

The spinothalamic tract is organized with which fibers more laterally?

A

those from more distal locations (leg)

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28
Q

The dorsal columns are organized with which fibers more laterally?

A

those from more proximal locations (arm)

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29
Q

The periaqueductal gray mater receives input from what brain structure?

A

the cerebral cortex

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30
Q

What are adjuvant analgesics?

A

those with indications other than pain management but with analgesic properties in select circumstances (e.g. gabapentin)

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31
Q

What is Lissauer’s tract?

A

a tract composed of projections from first order neurons in the ALS on their way to synapse in the dorsal horn a few vertebral levels higher

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32
Q

A(delta) and C sensory afferents are part of which somatosensory pathway?

A

the ALS

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33
Q

What is the gate control theory of pain?

A

the idea that low threshold, large diameter afferent mechanoreceptor input can modulate the intensity of incoming small-diameter, nociceptive inputs

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34
Q

Within the dorsal root of the spinal nerve, A(beta) fibers are located where in relationship to A(delta) and C fibers?

A

larger A(beta) fibers are located posteriorly and medially

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35
Q

What is secondary hyperalgesia?

A

pain sensitization due to central mechanisms, rather than peripheral ones

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36
Q

What is primary hyperalgesia?

A

pain sensitization due to the release of inflammatory mediators as a consequence of the nociceptive axon reflex

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37
Q

What is the nociceptive axon reflex?

A

the mechanism for peripheral pain sensitization

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38
Q

What are the three endogenous opioid peptides?

A
  • dynorphin
  • enkephalin
  • endorphin
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39
Q

Failed low-back-surgery syndrome is an example of what sort of pain?

A

mixed

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40
Q

The nociceptive axon reflex is mediated by what NT?

A

glutamate

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41
Q

What are TRPV1 receptor channels? On which fibers are they found?

A
  • found on C fibers
  • change their sensitivity to pH in response to changes in temperature
  • an example of functional convergence
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42
Q

What is the difference between the cuneate and gracilis fasciculi?

A

the cuneate carries fibers from the arm while the gracilis carries those from the leg

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43
Q

The ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus is important for what reason?

A

it is the location of tertiary sensory neurons in both the ALS and DC/ML system

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44
Q

What is the importance of the substantia gelatinosa?

A

it is the location of some secondary neurons in the ALS

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45
Q

What are wide dynamic range neurons in the dorsal horn?

A
  • situated in lamina 3-5
  • part of the ALS
  • receive collaterals from the DC/ML system
  • serve as a point of convergence between ALS and DC/ML
46
Q

Which type of pain is proportional to the intensity of nociceptive stimulus?

A

nociceptive pain

47
Q

What is allodynia?

A

a painful response to a normally non-painful stimulus

48
Q

What is the nociceptive axon reflex?

A

a process of peripheral nociceptive sensitization in which C and A(delta) fibers have efferent effects that evoke an inflammatory response

49
Q

Name four things capable of stimulating the periaqueductal gray mater?

A
  • stress
  • placebo
  • comfort
  • exercise
50
Q

What name is given to upper motor neuron projections in the forebrain, midbrain, pons, medulla, and spinal cord?

A
  • posterior limb of internal capsule
  • cerebral peduncle
  • corticospinal fibers
  • pyramids
  • lateral corticospinal tract
51
Q

Describe the architecture of the DC/ML pathway..

A
  • primary neuron in the DRG
  • posterior/medial fibers of spinal root
  • cuneate/gracile fasciculi
  • cuneate/gracile nuclei of the medulla
  • medial lemniscus
  • contralateral VPL of thalamus
  • posterior limb of internal capsule
  • somatosensory cortex
52
Q

Where are the cuneate and gracile nuclei located?

A

in the medulla

53
Q

Describe the architecture of the ALS pathway.

A
  • DRG
  • anterior/lateral fibers of spinal root
  • Lissauer’s tract
  • dorsal horn/substantia gelatinosa
  • anterior white commissure
  • contralateral spinothalamic tract
  • VPL of thalamus
  • posterior limb of internal capsule
  • somatosensory cortex
54
Q

Describe the architecture of the corticospinal pathway system.

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • posterior limb of internal capsule (forebrain)
  • cerebral peduncle (midbrain)
  • corticospinal fibers (pons)
  • pyramids (medulla)
  • contralateral corticospinal tract
  • ventral horn
  • effector muscle
55
Q

What are the deep sensations?

A
  • proprioception
  • deep muscle pain
  • vibration
56
Q

Stimulus intensity is usually encoded by what characteristic of the neural code?

A

frequency of action potentials

57
Q

What is contrast enhancement?

A

the parallel processing of cells with different thresholds refines acuity

58
Q

What is adaptation?

A

a decrease in neural response to a maintained stimulus

59
Q

The best example of “pattern theory” is what sensation?

A
  • color perception

- the pattern of whole neuronal populations forms the basis for perception

60
Q

Every instance of convergence is also an opportunity for what?

A

modification and processing

61
Q

What is surround inhibition?

A

central signals are facilitated while simultaneously inhibiting eccentric signals in order to sharpen the contrast between them

62
Q

Two individuals may have a different perception of the same sensory input based on what?

A

varying experience, knowledge, and previous associations

63
Q

What is template matching?

A

a method of percept construction whereby every object, event, or stimulus is compared to some previously stored pattern or template

64
Q

What is stereognosis?

A

the mental perception of three-dimensionality

65
Q

Cutaneous tactile receptors are all innervated by what class of sensory afferent fibers?

A

A(beta)

66
Q

Hair follicle endings are innervated by ___ fibers, function to sense ___, and are located where?

A
  • A(beta) fibers
  • hair displacement
  • thin skin
67
Q

Ruffini endings are innervated by ___ fibers, function to sense ___, and are located where?

A
  • A(beta) fibers
  • pressure on skin in a specific direction (elongated receptive fields)
  • dermis of thin skin
68
Q

Krause corpuscles are innervated by ___ fibers, function to sense ___, and are located where?

A
  • A(beta) fibers
  • light touch
  • lips, tongue, genitals
69
Q

Pacinian corpuscles are innervated by ___ fibers, function to sense ___, and are located where?

A
  • A(beta) fibers
  • deep pressure and vibration
  • deep dermis of thin skin
70
Q

Meissner corpuscles are innervated by ___ fibers, function to sense ___, and are located where?

A
  • A(beta) fibers
  • vibration
  • dermis of glabrous skin (fingers/face)
71
Q

Merkel cells are innervated by ___ fibers, function to sense ___, and are located where?

A
  • A(beta)
  • pressure on skin
  • epidermis of glabrous skin
72
Q

The face and fingers are mostly innervated by what cutaneous receptors?

A

Meissner corpuscles and Merkel cells

73
Q

Which cutaneous tactile receptor has elongated receptive fields?

A

Ruffini endings

74
Q

Free nerve endings detect what sorts of sensory stimulus?

A

mechanical, thermal, or noxious

75
Q

Muscle spindles detect what information about muscles?

A

length and rate of change in length

76
Q

Muscle spindles have what two types of intrafusal fibers?

A

bag and chain

77
Q

What are annulospiral afferents?

A

primary (Ia) muscle spindle afferents

78
Q

Ia and II muscle spindle afferents innervate what portions of the muscle spindle?

A

Ia innervate the equatorial region while II innervate the juxtaequatorial region of chain fibers

79
Q

Muscle spindles have what two types of efferent innervation?

A

dynamic and static gamma fibers

80
Q

Dynamic efferents innervate what part of the muscle spindle? What do static gamma efferents innervate?

A
  • bag fibers

- chain fibers

81
Q

What information do Golgi Tendon organs detect?

A

the amount of tension exerted at the myotendinous junction

82
Q

How do GTO’s receive afferent innervation?

A

Ib afferents are woven into the collagen fibers of GTOs and are pinched when the collagen fibers are stretched

83
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

failure of the neural tube to close rostrally during development

84
Q

Name the primary neural crest cell derivatives.

A
  • dorsal root ganglia
  • ANS ganglia
  • chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
  • pia and arachnoid
  • Schwann cells
  • melanocytes
  • thyroid C cells
85
Q

What are the three layers of the neural tube?

A
  • ventricular (inner)
  • intermediate/mantle
  • marginal (outer)
86
Q

Mitosis occurs in what layer of the neural tube?

A

the ventricular layer

87
Q

What is interkinetic nuclear migration?

A

the process of cellular division and differentiation in the neural tube

88
Q

Neurons are derived from what kind of cells proliferating in the ventricular layer of the neural tube?

A

neuroepithelial

89
Q

What is the prosencephalon?

A

the forebrain

90
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

the midbrain

91
Q

What is the rhombencephalon?

A

the hindbrain

92
Q

What is the telencephalon? What does it give rise to?

A
  • a division of the prosencephalon

- cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus

93
Q

What is the diencephalon? What does it give rise to?

A
  • a division of the prosencephalon

- thalamus and hypothalamus

94
Q

The mesencephalon gives rise to what adult brain structures?

A

the midbrain

95
Q

What is the metencephalon? What does it give rise to?

A
  • a division of the rhombencephalon

- cerebellum and pons

96
Q

What is the myelencephalon? What does it give rise to?

A
  • a division of the rhombencephalon

- the medulla

97
Q

Describe the embryonic vesicles that give rise to the adult brain structures.

A
  • prosencephalon (telencephalon: cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia + diencephalon: hypothalamus, thalamus)
  • mesencephalon: midbrain
  • rhombencephalon (metencephalon: cerebellum, pons + myelencephalon: medulla)
98
Q

What are the alar and basal plates?

A

terms for the developing dorsal and ventral regions of the nervous system

99
Q

What happens to the three layers of the neural tube as neuronal proliferation ends?

A
  • the ventricular layer becomes the ependymal layer

- the mantle (aka intermediate) zone becomes the grey mater

100
Q

Name the neurotropins that belong to the NGF-family.

A
  • NGF
  • BDNF, NT-4/5
  • NT-3
101
Q

The NGF-family of neurotropins bind and share what receptors?

A
  • bind Trk receptors

- share the p75 coreceptor

102
Q

Name the GDNF-family of neurotropins.

A
  • GDNF
  • neurtarin
  • Artemin
103
Q

The GDNF-family of neurotropins bind and share what receptors?

A
  • share the RET receptor

- utilize GFRa coreceptors (1, 2, 3)

104
Q

NGF supports what cell populations?

A
  • sympathetic
  • nociceptive
  • cholinergic basal forebrain
105
Q

GDNF neurotropins support what cell populations?

A

kidney and enteric NS

106
Q

BDNF supports what cell populations?

A
  • cortical
  • cranial ganglion
  • alpha MNs
  • vestibular sensory
  • peripheral sensory
107
Q

NT-3 supports what cell populations?

A
  • proprioceptive sensory
  • gamma motor neurons
  • cranial ganglion
  • corticospinal neurons
108
Q

The action of neurotropins is dependent on what cellular process?

A

retrograde transport

109
Q

What is the neurotrophic hypothesis?

A

target tissues produce limited amounts of neurotrophin so the target area supports only a select number of neurons

110
Q

Parkinson’s affects what cell population?

A

dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

111
Q

Alzheimer’s affects what cell population?

A

cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain

Neuro (7 decks)

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