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Neuro > Final Set > Flashcards

Final Set Flashcards

1
Q

The hypoglossal nerve functions to do what?

A

provide motor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

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2
Q

The vagus nerve has what functions?

A
  • visceral sensation

- motor innervation of the larynx, pharynx, and palate muscles

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3
Q

The epiglottis is innervated by what?

A

CN X

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4
Q

What are the features of DiGeorge?

A
  • cardiac outflow tract abnormalities
  • abnormal fascies
  • thyroid aplasia
  • cleft palate
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • chromosome 22 deletion
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5
Q

What are Tessier classifications for?

A

classification of facial clefts

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6
Q

What happens when retinal absorbs a photon of light?

A
  • opsin is conformationally altered
  • a g-protein cascade is initiated
  • sodium channels close
  • the photoreceptor becomes hyperpolarized
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7
Q

What is an afferent pupillary defect?

A

pupils don’t constrict properly in response to light due to an optic nerve lesion

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8
Q

What is the first line medical therapy for anxiety disorders?

A

SSRIs

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9
Q

How does methylphenidate help those with ADHD?

A

it blocks DAT, up regulating dopamine activity

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10
Q

What is carbachol?

A

a direct muscarinic agonist

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11
Q

What do Krause corpuscles do?

A

detect touch in the genitals, lips, and tongue

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12
Q

Midline neck cysts are called ___ and lateral neck cysts are called ___.

A
  • midline: thryoglossal

- lateral: branchial pouch

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13
Q

How does alcohol affect a developing fetus?

A

by affecting pre-migratory neural crest cells

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14
Q

What is Treacher Collins syndrome?

A

poor neural crest cell functioning leads to underdeveloped zygomatics

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15
Q

What is micrognathia?

A

under developed mandible

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16
Q

What are the features of Pierre-Robin sequence?

A
  • micrognathia
  • glossoptosis
  • cleft palate
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17
Q

What causes homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing?

A

disruption of the posterior cerebral artery

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18
Q

The intrinsic tongue muscles are derived from what?

A

the occipital myotomes

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19
Q

Which CNS tumor is always superficially located?

A

pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas

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20
Q

What do Pacinian Corpuscles do?

A

detect high frequency vibrations in the deep dermis

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21
Q

What do Meissner Corpuscles do?

A

detect vibration in glaborous skin

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22
Q

What do Merkel cells do?

A

detect pressure on glamorous skin

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23
Q

What neurotrophin supports enteric and kidney nervous system cells?

A

GDNF

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24
Q

NGF supports which cell populations?

A
  • sympathetic ganglion
  • cholinergic basal forebrain
  • nociceptive
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25
Q

What is MGMT?

A

a gene for a DNA repair enzyme that, if mutated, suggests an astrocytoma will be chemosensitive

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26
Q

Calcifications, chicken wire vasculature, and perinuclear halos are features of which CNS tumor?

A

oligodendrocytomas

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27
Q

Which CNS tumors have calcifications?

A
  • oligodendrocytomas
  • meningiomas
  • gangliomas
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28
Q

Pseudopalisading necrosis is a feature of which CNS tumor?

A

glioblastoma

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29
Q

What is timolol?

A

a beta-adrenergic antagonist

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30
Q

What is reflex sympathetic dystrophy?

A

immobility-induced derangement of peripheral pain sensitization

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31
Q

What are the components of the reticular activating system?

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • thalamic reticular and laminar nuclei
  • the pontomesencephalic reticular formation
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32
Q

Thalamic reticular neurons utilize what NT?

A

GABA

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33
Q

What tract is responsible for REM atonia?

A

the reticulo-spinal tract

34
Q

Which cholinergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic structures are involved in sleep, and what does each do?

A
  • cholinergic, basal forebrain, sleep initiation
  • adrenergic, locus ceruleus, REM initiation
  • serotonergic, median raphe of reticular formation, initiation of slow wave sleep
35
Q

What is the retinohypothalamic tract?

A

a tract formed by photosensitive ganglion cells to the suprachiasmatic nucleus to help regulate the circadian rhythm

36
Q

What are psammoma bodies?

A

calcifications seen in meningiomas

37
Q

Whorl cells are a feature of which CNS tumor?

A

meningiomas

38
Q

Vascular issues in preterm infants cause ___ spastic CP while those in term infants cause ___ spastic CP.

A
  • diplegic

- hemiplegic

39
Q

Intellectual disability is most often the result of what sort of damage to what structure?

A

pure hypoxia affecting the cerebral cortex

40
Q

Bunina bodies suggest what disease process?

A

ALS

41
Q

Granulovacuolar change suggests what disease process?

A

Alzheimers

42
Q

Those with a history of what are more likely to suffer from closed-angle glaucoma?

A

hyperopia

43
Q

What NT systems have been implicated in ADHD?

A

NE and DA

44
Q

What are upper motor neuron tracts called in the forebrain, midbrain, pons, and medulla?

A
  • inferior limb of internal capsule
  • cerebral peduncle
  • corticospinal fibers
  • pyramids
45
Q

The telencephalon gives rise to which structures?

A

cerebral cortex, basal forebrain, hippocampus

46
Q

The diencephalon gives rise to which structures?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

47
Q

What is physostigmine?

A

an indirect muscarinic agonist (blocks AChE)

48
Q

What is tropic amide?

A

a muscarinic antagonist

49
Q

What is phenylephrine?

A

an alpha-adrenergic agonist

50
Q

What CNS tumor arises in those under the age of five?

A

atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor

51
Q

NF2 is associated with which CNS tumor?

A

meningioma

52
Q

NF1 is associated with which CNS tumor?

A

pilocytic astrocytoma

53
Q

What are three diseases associated with Rosenthal fibers?

A
  • Alexander’s
  • chronic gliosis
  • pilocytic astrocytoma
54
Q

What encephalopathy does kernicterus cause?

A

dyskinetic CP

55
Q

Name four causes of mononeuropathy multiplex.

A
  • leprosy
  • hereditary
  • lyme disease
  • vasculitis
56
Q

What are the features of pilocytic astrocytoma?

A
  • childhood
  • cerebellum, 3rd ventricle, optic nerve
  • NF1 associated
  • rosenthal fibers
57
Q

What is the precursor for DA synthesis?

A

tyrosine

58
Q

What is the precursor for serotonin synthesis?

A

tryptophan

59
Q

Which NT receptor is voltage and ligand gated?

A

NMDA

60
Q

BC1 gives rise to what?

A

the external auditory meatus

61
Q

BC2, 3, 4 give rise to what?

A

cervical sinus

62
Q

BP1 gives rise to what?

A

the auditory tube

63
Q

BP2 gives rise to what?

A

the palatine tonsils

64
Q

BP3 gives rise to what?

A

the inferior parathyroid and thymus

65
Q

BP4 gives rise to what?

A

the superior parathyroid and ultimobranchial body

66
Q

BA1 gives rise to what?

A
  • CN V
  • muscles of mastication
  • meckel’s cartilage, malleous and incus
67
Q

BA2 gives rise to what?

A
  • CN VII
  • muscles of facial expression
  • stapes, styloid process, part of hyoid
68
Q

BA3 gives rise to what?

A
  • CN IX
  • stylopharyngeus
  • part of hyoid and greater horn
  • carotid branch of aortic arch
69
Q

BA4/5/6 give rise to what?

A
  • CN X
  • pharyngeal, laryngeal, and palatine muscles
  • cricoid and thyroid cartilage
  • subclavian and pulmonary branches of aortic arch
70
Q

Leprosy affects which neural cells?

A

Schwann cells

71
Q

Diabetic neuropathy is what kind of peripheral neuropathy?

A

an axonal neuropathy

72
Q

Leprosy is what kind of peripheral neuropathy?

A

a segmental demyelinating neuropathy

73
Q

Where are Schwannomas commonly found?

A

CN VIII

74
Q

Which PNS tumor has antoni A & B patterns?

A

Schwannomas

75
Q

Verocay bodies are a feature of which PNS tumor?

A

Schwannomas

76
Q

Hearing loss is an early symptom of which PNS tumor?

A

Schwannomas

77
Q

Schwannomas are associated with a ___ mutation, while neurofibromas are associated with a ___ mutation.

A
  • Schwannomas: NF2

- Neurofibromas: NF1

78
Q

Which PNS tumor sits on the nerve and which is embedded within the nerve?

A
  • Schwannomas sit on the nerve

- Neurofibromas are embedded

79
Q

What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

A

a peripheral neuropathy affecting cortical, bulbar, and spinal motor neurons leading to generalized muscle weakness and atrophy

80
Q

Which PNS tumor has a “shredded carrot” appearance due to lots of collagen and very little cellularity?

A

neurofibromas

81
Q

What is neurofibromatosis?

A

a syndrome of neurofibromas, optic gliomas, litchi nodules (in the iris), and cafe au last spots

Neuro (7 decks)

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