Final Set Flashcards
The hypoglossal nerve functions to do what?
provide motor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
The vagus nerve has what functions?
- visceral sensation
- motor innervation of the larynx, pharynx, and palate muscles
The epiglottis is innervated by what?
CN X
What are the features of DiGeorge?
- cardiac outflow tract abnormalities
- abnormal fascies
- thyroid aplasia
- cleft palate
- hypoparathyroidism
- chromosome 22 deletion
What are Tessier classifications for?
classification of facial clefts
What happens when retinal absorbs a photon of light?
- opsin is conformationally altered
- a g-protein cascade is initiated
- sodium channels close
- the photoreceptor becomes hyperpolarized
What is an afferent pupillary defect?
pupils don’t constrict properly in response to light due to an optic nerve lesion
What is the first line medical therapy for anxiety disorders?
SSRIs
How does methylphenidate help those with ADHD?
it blocks DAT, up regulating dopamine activity
What is carbachol?
a direct muscarinic agonist
What do Krause corpuscles do?
detect touch in the genitals, lips, and tongue
Midline neck cysts are called ___ and lateral neck cysts are called ___.
- midline: thryoglossal
- lateral: branchial pouch
How does alcohol affect a developing fetus?
by affecting pre-migratory neural crest cells
What is Treacher Collins syndrome?
poor neural crest cell functioning leads to underdeveloped zygomatics
What is micrognathia?
under developed mandible
What are the features of Pierre-Robin sequence?
- micrognathia
- glossoptosis
- cleft palate
What causes homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing?
disruption of the posterior cerebral artery
The intrinsic tongue muscles are derived from what?
the occipital myotomes
Which CNS tumor is always superficially located?
pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas
What do Pacinian Corpuscles do?
detect high frequency vibrations in the deep dermis
What do Meissner Corpuscles do?
detect vibration in glaborous skin
What do Merkel cells do?
detect pressure on glamorous skin
What neurotrophin supports enteric and kidney nervous system cells?
GDNF
NGF supports which cell populations?
- sympathetic ganglion
- cholinergic basal forebrain
- nociceptive
What is MGMT?
a gene for a DNA repair enzyme that, if mutated, suggests an astrocytoma will be chemosensitive
Calcifications, chicken wire vasculature, and perinuclear halos are features of which CNS tumor?
oligodendrocytomas
Which CNS tumors have calcifications?
- oligodendrocytomas
- meningiomas
- gangliomas
Pseudopalisading necrosis is a feature of which CNS tumor?
glioblastoma
What is timolol?
a beta-adrenergic antagonist
What is reflex sympathetic dystrophy?
immobility-induced derangement of peripheral pain sensitization
What are the components of the reticular activating system?
- cerebral cortex
- thalamic reticular and laminar nuclei
- the pontomesencephalic reticular formation
Thalamic reticular neurons utilize what NT?
GABA
What tract is responsible for REM atonia?
the reticulo-spinal tract
Which cholinergic, adrenergic, and serotonergic structures are involved in sleep, and what does each do?
- cholinergic, basal forebrain, sleep initiation
- adrenergic, locus ceruleus, REM initiation
- serotonergic, median raphe of reticular formation, initiation of slow wave sleep
What is the retinohypothalamic tract?
a tract formed by photosensitive ganglion cells to the suprachiasmatic nucleus to help regulate the circadian rhythm
What are psammoma bodies?
calcifications seen in meningiomas
Whorl cells are a feature of which CNS tumor?
meningiomas
Vascular issues in preterm infants cause ___ spastic CP while those in term infants cause ___ spastic CP.
- diplegic
- hemiplegic
Intellectual disability is most often the result of what sort of damage to what structure?
pure hypoxia affecting the cerebral cortex
Bunina bodies suggest what disease process?
ALS
Granulovacuolar change suggests what disease process?
Alzheimers
Those with a history of what are more likely to suffer from closed-angle glaucoma?
hyperopia
What NT systems have been implicated in ADHD?
NE and DA
What are upper motor neuron tracts called in the forebrain, midbrain, pons, and medulla?
- inferior limb of internal capsule
- cerebral peduncle
- corticospinal fibers
- pyramids
The telencephalon gives rise to which structures?
cerebral cortex, basal forebrain, hippocampus
The diencephalon gives rise to which structures?
thalamus and hypothalamus
What is physostigmine?
an indirect muscarinic agonist (blocks AChE)
What is tropic amide?
a muscarinic antagonist
What is phenylephrine?
an alpha-adrenergic agonist
What CNS tumor arises in those under the age of five?
atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor
NF2 is associated with which CNS tumor?
meningioma
NF1 is associated with which CNS tumor?
pilocytic astrocytoma
What are three diseases associated with Rosenthal fibers?
- Alexander’s
- chronic gliosis
- pilocytic astrocytoma
What encephalopathy does kernicterus cause?
dyskinetic CP
Name four causes of mononeuropathy multiplex.
- leprosy
- hereditary
- lyme disease
- vasculitis
What are the features of pilocytic astrocytoma?
- childhood
- cerebellum, 3rd ventricle, optic nerve
- NF1 associated
- rosenthal fibers
What is the precursor for DA synthesis?
tyrosine
What is the precursor for serotonin synthesis?
tryptophan
Which NT receptor is voltage and ligand gated?
NMDA
BC1 gives rise to what?
the external auditory meatus
BC2, 3, 4 give rise to what?
cervical sinus
BP1 gives rise to what?
the auditory tube
BP2 gives rise to what?
the palatine tonsils
BP3 gives rise to what?
the inferior parathyroid and thymus
BP4 gives rise to what?
the superior parathyroid and ultimobranchial body
BA1 gives rise to what?
- CN V
- muscles of mastication
- meckel’s cartilage, malleous and incus
BA2 gives rise to what?
- CN VII
- muscles of facial expression
- stapes, styloid process, part of hyoid
BA3 gives rise to what?
- CN IX
- stylopharyngeus
- part of hyoid and greater horn
- carotid branch of aortic arch
BA4/5/6 give rise to what?
- CN X
- pharyngeal, laryngeal, and palatine muscles
- cricoid and thyroid cartilage
- subclavian and pulmonary branches of aortic arch
Leprosy affects which neural cells?
Schwann cells
Diabetic neuropathy is what kind of peripheral neuropathy?
an axonal neuropathy
Leprosy is what kind of peripheral neuropathy?
a segmental demyelinating neuropathy
Where are Schwannomas commonly found?
CN VIII
Which PNS tumor has antoni A & B patterns?
Schwannomas
Verocay bodies are a feature of which PNS tumor?
Schwannomas
Hearing loss is an early symptom of which PNS tumor?
Schwannomas
Schwannomas are associated with a ___ mutation, while neurofibromas are associated with a ___ mutation.
- Schwannomas: NF2
- Neurofibromas: NF1
Which PNS tumor sits on the nerve and which is embedded within the nerve?
- Schwannomas sit on the nerve
- Neurofibromas are embedded
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
a peripheral neuropathy affecting cortical, bulbar, and spinal motor neurons leading to generalized muscle weakness and atrophy
Which PNS tumor has a “shredded carrot” appearance due to lots of collagen and very little cellularity?
neurofibromas
What is neurofibromatosis?
a syndrome of neurofibromas, optic gliomas, litchi nodules (in the iris), and cafe au last spots
