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Renal Endocrine > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

mesoderm derivative that gives rise to kidney and gonads

A

intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

mesoderm derivative that gives rise to head and somite

A

paraxial mesoderm

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3
Q

mesoderm derivative that gives rise to splanchnic, somatic, and extraembryonic

A

lateral mesoderm

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4
Q

transitory, non-functional kidney

A

pronephros (cervical nephrotomes)

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5
Q

functional during development of permanent kidney, duct contributes to developing testis, male genital system, and vestigial remnants in female

A

mesonephros

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6
Q

permanent kidney in 5th week, produces urine at 11-13 weeks

A

metanephros

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7
Q

ureteric bud forms what structures?

A

ureter, pelvis, calyces

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8
Q

polyhydramnios

A

less swallowing, excess amniotic fluid due to esophageal or duodenal atresia

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9
Q

oligohydramnios

A

less urine output, shortage of amniotic fluid due to failure of kidneys to develop normally

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10
Q

derivative of ureteric bud

A

collecting tubules

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11
Q

derivative of nephrogenic mesenchyme

A

nephron and Bowman’s capsule

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12
Q

expressed by mesenchyme, enables tissue to respond to induction by ureteric bud

A

WT1

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13
Q

receptor that mediates programmed cell death, localized to mesenchyme during ureteric bud branching

A

Angiotensin II receptor

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14
Q

division of cloaca by urorectal septum into dorsal rectum and ventral urogenital sinus

A

bladder formation

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15
Q

mesonephric ducts and attached ureteric buds intercalated into posterior wall

A

exstrophy of the bladder

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16
Q

dysregulation of fetal adrenal gland, hypertrophy of adrenal cortex, overproduction of dehydroepiandrosterone, masculinization of female genitalia

A

congenital virilizing hyperplasia (CAH)

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17
Q

bilateral renal agenesis, due to oligohydramnios, lung hypoplasia, clubbed feet, bow legs

A

Potter sequence

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18
Q

nephroblastoma, most common primary renal tumor affecting children, 4th most common pediatric tumor, mutation in WT-1, poorly formed tubules

A

Wilm’s tumor

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19
Q

pelvic kidney, often pancake shaped or horseshoe kidney where inferior poles fused and ascent blocked by inferior mesenteric artery

A

ectopic kidneys

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20
Q

tube open at both ends, may cause urine to drain from umbilicus

A

urachal fistula

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21
Q

exposure and protrusion of posterior wall of bladder through abdominal wall

A

exstrophy of the bladder

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22
Q

affects laminins, nephrotic syndrome and ocular abnormalities, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia,

A

Pierson syndrome

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23
Q

defect in type 4 collagen, males, uremic syndrome to end stage renal failure, treat with dialysis or transplant

A

Alport disease

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24
Q

defect in nephrin compromising slit diaphragm, massive proteinuria and albuminemia (causing edema), treat w/ albumin and ACE inhibitors, requires dialysis/transplant, leaking protein into urine

A

congenital nephrotic syndrome

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25
Q

normal value for RBF

A

1.2 L/min, 20-25% of cardiac output

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26
Q

normal value for RPF

A

660 mL/min

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27
Q

normal value for GFR

A

125 L/min

28
Q

hydrostatic pressure, usually 60 mm Hg

A

Pgc

29
Q

increases blood flow resistance, decreases renal blood flow, and decreases glomerular capillary pressure

A

afferent arteriole constriction

30
Q

increases glomerular capillary pressure, increases renal blood flow, increases peritubular capillary pressure

A

afferent arteriole dilation

31
Q

increases blood flow resistance and glomerular capillary pressure, net increase in GFR, decrease RBF

A

efferent constriction

32
Q

decreases glomerular capillary pressure, increases RBF

A

efferent dilation

33
Q

automatically adjusts resistance of afferent arteriole, contracts in response to increased blood pressure

A

myogenic response

34
Q

mediated by macula densa at end of ascending limb of loop of Henle, senses change in NaCl through Na/K/Cl, releases adenosine for constriction

A

tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

35
Q

structural support, modulates glomerular filtration, phagocytic activity, paracrine substances

A

intraglomerular mesangial cells

36
Q

near vascular pole and macula densa, produce renin

A

extraglomerular mesangial cells

37
Q
  1. increased sympathetic nerve activity
  2. decreased renal blood perfusion
  3. decreased sodium to macula densa
A

activate release of renin

38
Q
  1. arteriolar vasoconstriction
  2. sodium and water retention
  3. aldosterone secretion
  4. negative feedback, inhibits renin secretion
A

angiotensin II produces these responses

39
Q

systemic arteriolar dilation, decreased sodium and water reabsorption, decreased aldosterone secretion

A

ACE inhibitor

40
Q

maintains plasma calcium by intestinal, renal, and bone reabsorption of calcium

A

vitamin D

41
Q

stimulated by hypoxia, anemia, and decreased renal blood flow

A

EPO production

42
Q

osmoreceptors signal hypothalamus to secrete this, which stimulates water reabsorption to decrease ECF osmolarity and concentrate urine

A

ADH (vasopressin)

43
Q

de novo synthesis of glutathione, stimulates amino acid trasnport into the cell

A

gamma glutamyl cycle

44
Q

alpha ketoglutarate –> glutamate –> frees ammonia for urea cycle

A

transamination

45
Q

dietary protein, transamination and glutamate dehydrogenase, peroxisome, mitochondria, glutaminase, purine/pyrimidine deamination, glycine cleavage, intestinal bacteria

A

sources of ammonia

46
Q

glutamate (glutamate dehydrogenase and transaminases), glutamine (carries 2 amino groups)

A

precursors of nitrogen in urea

47
Q

decreased TCA cycle in the brain, depleted glutamate, decreased neurotransmitter synthesis, can lead to coma and brain damage

A

build up ammonia and depleted alpha ketoglutarate

48
Q

urea cycle requires how many ATP?

A

4

49
Q

ATP + N-acetylglutamate, with ornithine forms citrulline

A

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

50
Q

converts arginine to urea

A

arginase

51
Q

regulatory molecule of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, can be increased by high levels of arginine intake

A

N-acetylglutamate

52
Q

lack of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, newborn lethargic, vomits, fatal due to high ammonia, treat with arginine to activate N-acetylglutamate

A

type 1 hyperammonemia

53
Q

lacking ornithine transcarbamoylase, X linked, most common urea cycle disease, treat with low protein diet and ammonia detox

A

type 2 hyperammonemia

54
Q

hyperammonemia, coma, acidosis, ataxia, treat with carbamoyl glutamate to activate CPS1

A

N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency

55
Q

cofactor of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, represents 15-25% of mitochondria matrix protein

A

N-acetylglutamate

56
Q

converts xanthine into uric acid

A

xanthine oxidase

57
Q

elevated PRPP –> enhanced purine synthesis –> loss of feedback inhibition –> partial deficiency of HGPRT (salvage path) –> increased levels of uric acid, crystallization in joins

A

gout

58
Q

total deficiency of HGPRT, X linked, self mutilation/retardation

A

Lesch Nyhan syndrome

59
Q

suicide inhibitor used to treat gout, binds xanthine oxidase

A

allopurinol

60
Q

majority asymptomatic or flank pain, males age 62, solid mass with central stellate scar, arises from collecting duct

A

oncocytoma

61
Q

asymptomatic or flank pain, dilated vessels, fat deposition, smooth muscle cells; sporadically and hereditary; females, esp during pregnancy and progesterone receptor,

A

angiomyolipoma

62
Q

most common renal tumor, peak 60 yo, smoking doubles risk, VHL in 90%, triad of hematuria, flank pain and mass; yellow orange solid, encapsulated, proximal tubule,

A

renal cell carcinoma

63
Q

autosomal dominant, hemangioma of retina, cysts of kidney, 40% get RCC, germline mutation of gene, loss of tumor suppressor gene

A

VHL

64
Q

nephroblastoma, most common renal tumor in kids, assoc’d with WAGR, Deny’s Drash, and Beckwith-Weideman syndromes, encapsulated lobulated tumor mass, triphasic pattern, prognosis good with chemo and surgery

A

Wilm’s tumor

65
Q

transitional carcinoma from renal pelvis,

A

urothelial carcinoma

Renal Endocrine (4 decks)

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