Endocrine

Question 1

located near sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Answer 1

pituitary gland

Question 2

inner layer of Rathke’s pouch, fenestrated capillaries, no BBB, located between anterior and neural lobes

Answer 2

pars intermedia

Question 3

elongation of Rathke’s pouch, adenohypophysis, production of hormones, contains acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes

Answer 3

anterior lobe (pars distalis)

Question 4

outgrowth of diencephalon, neuroectoderm, secrete melatonin, derived from glial like interstitial cells,

Answer 4

pineal gland

Question 5

bright and pink chromophil, produces prolactin and GH

Answer 5

acidophil

Question 6

gray and granular chromophil, produces ACTH, TSH, LH/FSH

Answer 6

basophils

Question 7

dense core of granules in the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe), dilated axons contain oxytocin and vasopressin

Answer 7

Herring bodies

Question 8

calcifications, “brain sand” in pineal gland

Answer 8

corpora arenacea

Question 9

follicles contain follicular cells, precursors of T3/4

Answer 9

thyroid gland

Question 10

in between follicles, contain clear cytoplasm, make calcitonin, derived from the neural crest

Answer 10

C cells

Question 11

chief cells secrete PTH that stimulates osteoclasts to secrete calcium, oxyphil cells with mitochondria and pink cytoplasm

Answer 11

parathyroid gland

Question 12

islets of Langerhans, beta cells secrete insulin, alpha cells secrete glucagon, delta cells secrete somatostatin, blood flow is paracrine secretion enters central and spreads to acini

Answer 12

endocrine pancreas

Question 13

derived from intermediate mesoderm, produces steroid from cholesterol, contains reticularis and fasciculata (androgens, glucocorticoids), and glomerulosa (aldosteron)

Answer 13

adrenal cortex

Question 14

derived from neural crest, produces catecholamines, supplied by medullary artery, modified postganglionic fiber

Answer 14

adrenal medulla

Question 15

have fenestrated capillaires, release norepi and epi hormones

Answer 15

chromaffin cells

Question 16

regulates blood Calcium by bone turnover or kidney reabsorption, increases calcitriol for GI calcium absorption, released when low calcium and high phosphate

Answer 16

parathyroid hormone action

Question 17

produced in thyroid gland and C cells, lowers calcium by decreasing reabsorption in kidney and osteoclasts, used as a tumor marker

Answer 17

calcitonin

Question 18

increased GI reabsorption of calcium

Answer 18

calcitriol

Question 19

defective calcium sensing receptors, hypercalcemia not sensed until very high, on labs look for high calcium with high PTH

Answer 19

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

Question 20

elevated PTH –> hypercalcemia, kidney stones, low phosphate, high calcitriol, osteoporosis

Answer 20

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 21

low PTH, hypocalcemia, muscle twitching, tingling, Trosseau sign, long QT

Answer 21

hypoparathyroidism

Question 22

increased calcitriol, more GI absorption, hypercalcemia, decreased PTH and more excretion, leads to kidney stones

Answer 22

sarcoidosis

Question 23

candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism

Answer 23

polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I

Question 24

osteoitis fibrosa, high PTH and net calcium removed from bone

Answer 24

hungry bone syndrome

Question 25

builds bone, secretes RANK-L

Answer 25

osteoblasts

Question 26

resorption of bone, stimulated by RANK-L, inhibited by OPG

Answer 26

osteoclasts

Question 27

neurons from hypothalamic nuclei, controlled by supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, hormones ADH and oxytocin

Answer 27

posterior pituitary hypophysis

Question 28

forms primary/secondary capillary plexus, controlled by hormones entering capillary in median eminence

Answer 28

anterior pituitary hypophysis

Question 29

regulated by GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone), inhibited by somatostatin, via calcium levels, produces GH

Answer 29

somatotroph

Question 30

regulated by CRH(+) via cAMP, produce POMC –> ACTH, MSH

Answer 30

cortitroph

Question 31

regulated by TRH(+) and somatostatin(-) via calcium, produces TSH

Answer 31

thyrotroph

Question 32

regulated by GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) via calcium levels, produces LH and FSH

Answer 32

gonadotroph

Question 33

regulated by dopamine(inhibitory), and PRH (prolactin releasing hormone), produces prolactin

Answer 33

lactotroph

Question 34

mistracking of neurons, anosmia (absence of olfactory bulbs and tracts), hypogonadism, X linked

Answer 34

Kallmann syndrome

Question 35

target thyroid gland, stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

Answer 35

TSH

Question 36

target ovary and testis, stimulates growth of follicles and estrogen secretion, acts on sertoli cells to promote maturation of sperm

Answer 36

FSH

Question 37

on ovary: stimulates ovulation of ripe follicle and formation of corpus leuteum, stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis by corpus luteum
-on testis: stimulates Leydig cells to synthesize and secrete testosterone

Answer 37

LH

Question 38

acts on most tissues, promotes growth in stature and mass, stimulates production of somatomedin, stimulates protein synthesis, usually inhibits glucose utilization and promotes fat utilization

Answer 38

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 39

acts on mammary glands, promotes milk secretion

Answer 39

prolactin (Prl)

Question 40

acts on adrenal cortex, prmotes synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones

Answer 40

adrenocrticotropic hormone (ACTH)