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202A Exam One > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What could cause polyhydramnios?

A

Fetus with GI defect, can’t swallow fluid
Maternal diabetes
Neural tube defects i.e. spina bifida

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2
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Outer sac next to the uterine wall

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3
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Inner sac next to the fetus. It’s thin, translucent, but high in tensile strength

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4
Q

What protects the umbilical cord vessels?

A

Wharton’s jelly

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5
Q

What does the umbilical cord contain?

A

2 arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
1 vein carries oxygenated blood to fetus
AVA

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6
Q

After cutting the cord, must we check for 2 arteries and 1 vein in it?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A
  1. Fetal gas exchange
  2. Nutrition
  3. Excretion by fetus
  4. Hormone production in mother
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8
Q

What is the placenta made of?

A

Maternal/fetal tissue.

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9
Q

What forms the placental barrier?

A

Layers of fetal tissue

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10
Q

What can cross the placental barrier?

A

Food, alcohol, nicotine, drugs, etc.

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11
Q

What cannot cross the placental barrier?

A

Fetal/Maternal blood

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12
Q

How are materials exchanged across the placental barrier?

A

Only via diffusion

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13
Q

What does the fetal surface of the placenta contain?

A

Umbilical vessels and cord

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14
Q

What’s a teratogen?

A

An agent that can cause genetic abnormalities.

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15
Q

What period of time during human development is the embryo/fetus not susceptible to teratogens?

A

The first two weeks

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16
Q

By which week does the fetus have major organ development?

A

Week 8

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17
Q

When is the embryo most susceptible to teratogenic exposure?

A

Week 3 through Week 8

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18
Q

Where does oxygenation take place for the fetus?

A

At the placenta

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19
Q

Does the fetus use its liver while in the uterus?

A

No, it uses its mother’s liver

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20
Q

What are the three shunts?

A

Foramen ovale: A shunt between the right and left atrium to help the blood bypass the fetal lungs.

Ductus Venosus: A shunt connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava to bypass the fetal liver.

Ductus Arteriosus: A shunt that connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta, which bypasses the fetal lungs.

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21
Q

When does actual conception typically take place?

A

Closer to 2 weeks after LMP.

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22
Q

What is Nagele’s Rule?

A

Subtract 3 months (or add 9 months) to the LMP and add 7 days. (TEST Q)

23
Q

How do we measure fundal height?

A

From top of pubic symphysis to fundus, in centimeters.

24
Q

When is fundal height usually measured?

A

After 20 weeks

25
Q

What does the pregnancy test measure?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin levels (hCG)

26
Q

Can false positive pregnancy tests occur?

A

Yes, for example from drugs and diseases

27
Q

What are presumptive signs of pregnancy?

A

Subjective s/sx that a woman reports. They are least reliable. They may or may not be associated with pregnancy.

28
Q

What are six presumptive signs of pregnancy?

A
  1. Amenorrhea
  2. Nausea
  3. Fatigue
  4. Urinary frequency
  5. Breast changes
  6. Quickening
29
Q

What are probable signs of pregnancy?

A

Objective signs of pregnancy noted by examiner. They may or may not be associated with pregnancy.

30
Q

What are seven probable signs of pregnancy?

A
  1. Hegar’s sign (softening lower uterine segment)
  2. Chadwick’s sign (bluish color of vaginal mucosa)
  3. Goodall’s sign (softening of cervix)
  4. Braxton Hick’s contractions (beginning 2nd semester)
  5. Positive pregnancy test
  6. Abdominal enlargement
  7. Ballottement
31
Q

What is ballottement?

A

Pushing on the cervix to feel fetus bounce

32
Q

What are Positive signs of pregnancy?

A

Signs noted by examiner. Can only be caused by pregnancy.

33
Q

What are three examples of positive signs of pregnancy?

A

See baby: Ultrasound
Hear baby: Auscultate fetal heart
Feel baby: Palpate fetal movement

34
Q

What are 8 physiological pregnancy changes?

A
  1. Vaginal secretions increase; candidiasis common
  2. Breasts increase in size, sensitivity, pigment
  3. Colostrum by 3rd trimester
  4. Increased incidence of periodontal disease
  5. Chest circumference increases
  6. RR and volume of inspired air increases
  7. Congestion/nasal stuffiness (due to increased fluids)
  8. Marked fatigue
35
Q

What are 7 cardiovascular pregnancy changes?

A
  1. Blood volume increases 50% by 30th week
  2. Increased cardiac output and pulse (increase by 10-15 bpm)
  3. Decreased vascular resistance/vasodilation caused by hormones
  4. Postural hypotension/supine hypotensive syndrome
  5. Hypercoagulable state–increased thrombus risk
  6. Pelvic vein compression decreases blood flow to legs: venous stasis, edema, varicosities, hemorrhoids, cramps
  7. Physiologic anemia of pregnancy: hct >/= 35 and hgb >/=10 are considered WNL
36
Q

What are four musculoskeletal pregnancy changes?

A
  1. Round ligament pain
  2. Pelvic joints relax: symphysis pubis separates
  3. Physiologic lordosis: lower back pain common
  4. Diastasis recti can occur
37
Q

What is diastasis recti?

A

Separation of abdominal muscle appearing as vertical ridge from umbilicus to sternum

38
Q

What are two GI Pregnancy changes?

A

Morning sickness in 1st semester
Smooth muscle relaxation slows peristalsis and relaxes cardiac/pyloric sphincters. This causes constipation and heartburn

39
Q

Should we allow pregnant women on their back?

A

No, it can compress arteries/veins.

40
Q

What is the main GU change during pregnancy?

A

Bladder pressure/frequency

41
Q

Are pregnant people at risk for DVT? When are they most at risk?

A

Yes, and they are most at risk postpartum.

42
Q

50% increase in blood volume is mostly what?

A

Plasma, not RBCs.

43
Q

What are abnormal Hct and Hgb numbers for pregnant women?

A

Hct lower than 35, Hgb lower than 10

44
Q

What are five pigmentation changes during pregnancy?

A
  1. Facial melasma (reddening of face cheeks)
  2. Palmar erythema (red palms)
  3. Vascular spiders (spider-looking veins)
  4. Striae gravidarum (stretch marks)
  5. Linea nigra (dark line from symphysis to top of uterus)
45
Q

What does Human Chorionic gonadotropin hormone do during pregnancy?

A
  1. Is detectable on a pregnancy test

2. Preserves the corpus luteum and its progesterone production

46
Q

What is the human placental lactogen hormone?

A
  1. Modulates fetal and maternal metabolism
  2. Develops maternal breasts for lactation
  3. Increases maternal insulin for fetal nutrition
47
Q

What does estrogen hormone do during pregnancy?

A
  1. Enlargement of a woman’s breasts, uterus and external genitalia
  2. Myometrial contractility.
  3. Increases vascularity
  4. Relaxes ligaments in the joints.
  5. Deposits fats in the maternal abdomen.
48
Q

What does Progesterone hormone do during pregnancy?

A
  1. Endometrium maintenance
  2. Decreases the contractility of the uterus
  3. Stimulates maternal metabolism and breast development.
  4. Nourishment in early stages
49
Q

What does Relaxin hormone do during pregnancy?

A

Pelvic, cervical expansion and relaxation.

softens the cervix

50
Q

What does Prolactin hormone do during pregnancy?

A

Lactation.

51
Q

What does Oxytocin hormone do during pregnancy?

A
  1. Bonding
  2. Uterine contractions
  3. Let-down Reflex
52
Q

What does Cortisol hormone do during pregnancy?

A

Insulin production

53
Q

Should pregnant women take live virus vaccines?

A

No, they are contraindicated

202A Exam One (3 decks)

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